Malaria name
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Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The malaria parasite resides in human red blood cells and can replicate rapidly, causing symptoms like fever, chills, and fatigue. There are four types of malaria parasites that infect humans. Antimalarial drugs like chloroquine can treat and prevent malaria, and developed countries have eliminated malaria through public health measures like insecticide spraying and improved healthcare access, but currently no effective vaccine exists.
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2. Precise sterile techniques must be used when working with microbes in a lab to prevent contamination, including wearing protective clothing, cleaning surfaces, sterilizing equipment, and proper disposal of materials.
3. Bacteria can be classified into groups like archaea and eubacteria based on their structures, environments, and other distinguishing characteristics.Meet the microbes!!
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1. The document discusses microbiology techniques used to culture bacteria, including aseptic technique, autoclaving equipment, and inoculating agar plates.
2. It also covers the classification of microbes into three domains: Archaea, which live in extreme environments; Eubacteria, which are found in most habitats and include heterotrophs, photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs; and Eukaryotes.
3. The differences between Archaea and Eubacteria include their cell walls, membranes, ribosome size, and the presence or absence of histones and introns in their genes.Eubacteria
Eubacteriahinathashmi
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Vibrio fischeri is a marine bacterium that exists in either a free-living planktonic state or as a symbiont colonizing the light organs of certain luminescent fish and squid. The bacteria cause bioluminescence in their hosts, which may help with prey attraction or camouflage. V. fischeri tightly regulates bioluminescence through quorum sensing, only emitting light when colonizing light organs in high densities, as bioluminescence is energetically costly. Quorum sensing involves bacteria producing and detecting autoinducer signaling molecules, leading to gene expression and bioluminescence once the population reaches a threshold density.Viruses
Viruseshinathashmi
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Viruses are the smallest living organisms that can only reproduce inside host cells. They enter cells through direct membrane penetration, membrane fusion, or endocytosis. Once inside, viruses use the host cell's machinery to produce copies of themselves and infect new cells. Retroviruses contain RNA that is converted to DNA inside the host using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, allowing them to insert their genes into the host genome. A cDNA library contains all DNA copies of cellular mRNA created using reverse transcriptase and represents the complete set of genes expressed by an organism.Metabolism of microbes circus latest version
Metabolism of microbes circus latest versionhinathashmi
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This document defines key terms related to autotrophs and heterotrophs, provides examples of each, compares their energy and carbon sources, diagrams a cyanobacterium, and summarizes how bacteria are used in bioremediation of soil and water. Specifically, it defines photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs; uses cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as examples; and draws a table comparing chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. It also diagrams a filamentous cyanobacterNitrogen cycle
Nitrogen cyclehinathashmi
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Nitrogen is an essential component of life but it exists primarily as non-reactive nitrogen gas in Earth's atmosphere. Through the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen is converted between nitrogen gas, nitrogen in living organisms, and reactive nitrogen forms usable by plants and animals. The nitrogen cycle has four main processes: nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, and denitrification by denitrifying bacteria. These processes convert nitrogen between gas, organic, and inorganic forms.Metabolism of microbes circus
Metabolism of microbes circushinathashmi
油
This document defines key terms related to autotrophs and heterotrophs, provides examples of each, compares their energy and carbon sources, diagrams a cyanobacterium, and summarizes how bacteria are used in bioremediation of soil and water. Specifically, it defines photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs; uses cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Thiobacillus denitrificans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as examples; and explains how bacteria can be used to control pests, treat sewage, and help clean up oil spills.Malaria and bovine spongiform encephalitis
Malaria and bovine spongiform encephalitishinathashmi
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1) Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium transmitted via mosquito bites. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions where mosquitoes can breed.
2) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal brain disease caused by prions. Cattle can contract BSE from eating rendered protein in feed that contains infected tissue.
3) Prion diseases like BSE and its human form Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) are transmitted when humans consume meat infected with prions, which are very resistant to heat sterilization and other methods.Lytic lifecycle of a virus
Lytic lifecycle of a virushinathashmi
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The document summarizes the lytic lifecycle of a virus. It begins with an overview of viral genomes and then describes the 7 step lytic cycle of a bacteriophage virus: 1) Adsorption, where the virus attaches to the host cell wall. 2) Penetration, where the viral DNA enters the cell. 3) Synthesis of early viral proteins. 4) Replication of viral DNA. 5) Synthesis of late viral proteins. 6) Assembly of new virus particles. 7) Lysis and release of new virus particles to infect other cells. The document then briefly mentions antibiotics and MRSA before posing questions about the prevalence and media portrayal of MRSA.Grams staining and yoghurt making
Grams staining and yoghurt makinghinathashmi
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The document discusses Gram staining technique used to differentiate between bacteria. It describes the Gram staining procedure which involves using crystal violet, iodine, decolorizer and safranin. The document also discusses using Gram staining to diagnose if a patient is infected with Salmonella based on a case study where the patient experienced food poisoning after eating a tamale. It provides information about Salmonella and Lactobacillus acidophilus and how to perform the Gram staining diagnostic test on samples from the patient.Epidemiology
Epidemiologyhinathashmi
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This document discusses epidemiology and the spread of disease, focusing on an outbreak of cholera in London in the 1800s. It describes how John Snow used epidemiological methods and the scientific process to determine that the source of the cholera outbreak was a contaminated water pump. By tracking deaths and questioning residents about their water source, Snow was able to convince officials to remove the pump handle, stopping new cases. His work established epidemiology as a field and provided evidence that cholera was water-borne and spread through contaminated drinking water.Recently uploaded (20)
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Description:
This lecture provides a detailed and structured explanation of the mechanisms regulating tubular reabsorption in the kidneys. It explores how different physiological and hormonal factors influence glomerular filtration and reabsorption rates, ensuring fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
Who Should Read This?
This presentation is designed for:
鏝 Medical Students (MBBS, BDS, Nursing, Allied Health Sciences) preparing for physiology exams.
鏝 Medical Educators & Professors looking for structured teaching material.
鏝 Healthcare Professionals (doctors, nephrologists, and physiologists) seeking a refresher on renal physiology.
鏝 Postgraduate Students & Researchers in the field of medical sciences and physiology.
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Local Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
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鏝 Net reabsorptive forces affecting peritubular capillaries
鏝 Role of peritubular hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
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鏝 Clinical conditions like Addisons disease & Conn Syndrome
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Nervous System Regulation
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Clinical Correlations & Case Discussions
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Keywords for Easy Search:
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Methods to enhance drug solubility (Buffers, Co-solvents, Surfactants, Complexation, Solid Dispersions)
Advanced approaches (Polymorphism, Salt Formation, Co-crystallization, Prodrugs)
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Malaria name
- 1. MalariaName:<br />QuestionAnswerWhat kind of organism is malaria?Which species of mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria to humans?Which cell in humans do malaria parasites reside in?What is the lifespan of a malaria mosquito?How many people can she bite during her life?How many times can a malaria parasite replicate in 6 days?What do malaria parasites feed on?What are some of the symptoms of malaria?How many types of malaria exist?Which drug is effective against malaria?How has the developed world eradicated malaria?Is there a vaccine against malaria?<br />Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis<br />