manufacturing industry
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Manufacturing involves making goods through hand or machine processes to be sold to customers. Industries can be classified by raw materials, size, ownership, and location factors. Key industries discussed include agro-based like textiles, mineral-based like steel, and information technology. Major industrial regions form where raw materials, labor, transportation and markets converge, such as around Mumbai in India. The document outlines the manufacturing process and global distribution of steel, cotton textile, and IT industries.
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manufacturing industry
- 1. Manufacturin g industries Done by; meghana .p
- 2. What is manufacturing? • Manufacturing is the making of goods by hand or by machine that upon completion the business sells to a customer. Items used in manufacture may be raw materials or component parts of a larger product. The manufacturing usually happens on a large- scale production line of machinery and skilled labor
- 3. Classification of industries • There are different types of industries . they can be classified to understand their methods of manufacturing better . industries can be classified as follows . On the basis of raw materials On the basis of size On the basis of ownership
- 4. On the basis of industries • Agro- based industries- Cotton, jute, silk and woollen textiles, sugarcane and vegetable oil industries are based on agricultural raw materials. This industry is very significant in India because of the following reasons. Provides employment for 35 million people.( second largest after agriculture).
- 6. Mineral-based industries • This industry is the basic industry since all the other industries depend on it for their machinery. This industry used heavy and bulky raw materials like iron ore, coking coal, limestone and manganese. Finished product is also bulky and heavy.
- 8. Pastoral based industries • These industries depend upon animals for their raw material. Hides, skins, bones, horns, shoes, dairy, etc. are some of the pastoral-based industries.
- 10. Forest Based Industries •Paper card-board, lac, rayon, resin, tanning of leather, leave- utensils, basket industries are included in this type of industries.
- 12. Marine based industries • Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Examples of Marine based industries are processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil
- 14. On the basis of size • Cottage Industry- Cottage Industry are defined by the amount of investment required to start, as well as the number of people employed. They often focus on the production of labor-intensive goods.
- 15. Small Scale Industries • Industries which are owned and run by individuals and which employ a small number of labourers are called small scale industries.
- 16. Large Scale Industry • Industries which employ a large number of labourers in each unit are called large-scale industries. Cotton or jute textile industries are large scale industries.
- 17. On the basis of ownership • The private sector is the part of a country's economic system that is run by individuals and companies, rather than the government. Most private sector organizations are run with the intention of profit.
- 18. Public Sector Industries • Industries owned by the state and its agencies like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., or Bhilai Steel Plant or Durgapur Steel Plant are public sector industries
- 19. Joint Sector Industries • Industries owned jointly by the private firms and the state or its agencies such as Gujarat Alkalies Ltd., or Oil India Ltd. fall in the group of joint sector industries.
- 20. Co-operative Sector Industries • Industries owned and run co-operatively by a group of people who are generally producers of raw materials of the given industry such as a sugar mill owned and run by farmers are called co-operative sector industries
- 21. Multinational coporations • A multinational corporation (MNC) has facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and/or factories in different countries and usually have a centralized head office where they coordinate global management.
- 22. Factors affecting the location of industries
- 23. Locational Factors Physical Factors • Land • Raw materials • Power / Energy Human Factors: • Labour • Transport • Market • Technology • Capital • Behavioural factors • Government Policy • Agglomeration
- 24. Land Land: – Location – Size – Landform – Cost Heavy industries: A large area of cheap low flat land. Light industries: Small apartments are also OK.
- 25. Raw Materials Raw materials Ubiquitous Water, Air, Soil…… Localized Iron ore, coal, gold, tin, ……
- 26. Power / Energy Type of Power – Water ïƒ H.E.P. – Fossil fuel • Coal • Oil • Natural Gases – Nuclear
- 27. Labour • Cost of Labour – Wage Level • Skills of Labour – Highly skilled, Semi-skilled, Unskilled • Labour Mobility – Highly skilled (highly mobile) – Semi-skilled (fairly mobile) – Unskilled (least mobile • Reputation
- 28. Transport Import raw materials Export finished products – Transport cost was the critical factor affecting industrial location in the past
- 29. Market • Markets are where the finished products will be finally go • Markets attract many industries to locate – Good infrastructure • Transportation, Electricity supply, water supply, drainage system, communication……. – Large population size – Large labour force – Skilled labour – Obtain advanced technology – Industrial agglomeration
- 30. market Some industries are more likely to be located near markets – Perishable products: eg. Bread, cakes…. – Fragile products: eg. Bottled drinks, porcelain….. – Bulky and low value products: eg. Brick-making….. – Labour intensive industries: eg. Toy-making, electrical goods…. – Keep close contact with consumers: eg. Jewellery, printing… – Involve large quanities of raw materials: eg. Electric Appliance.. – Specialized products: eg. Automobile parts manufacturers located near auto making centre
- 31. Technology • Technology is very importance – It change the production process completely • It is a localized factor • Ways to obtain technology – From advanced countries (developed world) – Universities – Research Centre
- 32. Government Policy Rationale of government intervention Strategic reasons: eg: China, USA Economic reasons • Promote overall economic growth • Promote the growth of a particular industry • Diversify the economy • Ensure regional economic balance • Ensure efficient ultilization of resources
- 33. Industrial system • An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. • Input -The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. • processes-The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products.
- 34. • Output-The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it. In case of the textile industry the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.
- 35. Industrial regions • Industrial are unevenly distributed in different continents as the factors affecting their location are not the same everywhere. • Areas which have high concentration of industrial are called industrial regions .
- 36. The main industrial regions of the world • eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia . Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially near coal fields .
- 38. Major industrial regions of India • 1. Mumbai-Pune cluster 2. Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region 3. Hugli region 4. Ahmedabad-Baroda region 5. Chottanagpur industrial belt 6. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt 7. Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region 8. Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.
- 40. DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES • The world's three major industries are: 1. Iron & Steel Industry 2. cotton Textile Industry 3. Information Technology Industry
- 41. Iron & Steel Industry • This is basic industry. • These industries are the feeder industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries. • Inputs: Raw materials such as iron ore, coal and limestone, along with labour, capital, site and other infrastructure. • Process: Converting iron ore into steel involves many stages. The raw material is put in the blast furnace where it undergoes smelting and then it is refined.
- 42. • input: Steel is obtained which is used by other industries as raw material. • Steel is often called the backbone of modern industry. • Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools and machinery of these metals. From safety pin to Ships, trains, trucks, and autos are made largely of steel. • Before 1800 A.D. iron and steel industry was located where raw materials, power supply and running water were easily available. • Later the ideal location for the industry was near coal fields and close to canals and railways. • After 1950, iron and steel industry began to be located on large areas of flat land near sea ports.
- 43. • India, Germany, USA, China, Japan, Russia, Korea, etc. are the countries, where steel industries are located. • In India important steel producing centres are: Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. • Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Salem in Tamil Nadu are other important steel centres utilising local resources. • India's steel production increased from one million tonne in 1947 to 60 million tonnes in 2009 to 10.
- 44. cotton Textile Industry • Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. There are five stages • Cultivating and Harvesting • Preparatory Processes • Spinning- giving yarn • Weaving- giving fabrics • Finishing- giving textiles
- 45. • India ranks among the largest producer and exporter of cotton textile products. India exports cotton textiles to the countries of Russia, U.K., Australia, Sri Lanka, Iran, Germany, Belgium, Italy, etc. • The cotton textile industry in Indian was initiated with the establishment of the first cotton textile factory at Ghusuri near Kolkata in 1818. However, it was closed down very soon due to the shortage of raw material. Actual development of the industry had been taking place since 1859 with the establishment of cotton mill at Mumbai which is located in the cotton growing region of Western India. Since then there has been rapid growth of the industry around Mumbai and Ahmedabad. • Industry has made rapid progress since 1880. The cotton mill industry made phenomenal progress during the period of 40 or 45 years since 1880. In the beginning, yarns spinning developed a great deal. There was an export trade in yarn with China. Now, however, both yarn and cloth are manufactured for home-consumption.
- 46. • India is one of the important cotton- manufacturing countries of the world. Both short-staple and long-staple cotton is grown in the country. • Cotton textile industry is one of the important and largest industries in India. It accounts for a large portion of the total industrial output in the country each year. • This cotton textile industry is now in a position to meet the total demand for textiles in the home market and to leave a sufficient surplus for foreign export. The industry also contribute towards the total foreign income of our country and engage millions of people.
- 47. • Raw materials-The cotton textile industry requires raw cotton as principal raw material and chemicals like caustic soda, dyes, arrowroot or starch, etc. for its production. The cotton growing regions are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, etc. Distribution • Cotton textile centers of India are distributed in four regions: • Western Region- Gujarat and Maharashtra are most advanced states of this region. Mumbai in Maharashtra and Ahmedabad in Gujarat are two principal centers of this region.
- 48. • Northern Region- The region includes the states of Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. The principal centers are Kanpur, Delhi, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Agra etc. • Eastern Region- This region includes the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Assam. Maximum mills are located at Kolkata, Sodepur, Belgharia, Shyamnagar, Ghusuri, Salkia, Shrirampur, Maurigram etc. • Southern Region-In South India cotton mills are located in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Important centers are Madurai, Salem, Tiruchirapalli Chennai, Guntur, Mysore, Pondicherry etc.
- 50. Information technology (IT) • The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, engineering, healthcare, e- commerces and computer services