Mass spectroscopy
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The document covers mass spectroscopy as a modern pharmaceutical analytical technique, detailing its introduction, principles, theory, and instrumentation. It also discusses various types of ionization methods including FAB, MALDI, APCI, and ESI. The content is tailored for M.Pharm first semester students.
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Though all yoga may lead to meditation (Dhyan) for your inner upliftment, it is not the same as described in Hinduism for self-liberation.
In Hinduism, different paths of life looking distinct but can be practiced all together, they are: Karma Yoga (selfless action and service), Bhakti Yoga (devotion and love for God or Godly power), Jnana (Gyan) Yoga (gaining knowledge for self-realization through wisdom), Dhyan Yoga (meditation) and Kriya Yoga (optimum utilization of your vital and muscular energy).油
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Larynx is a cartilaginous structure located in the **anterior neck** at the level of **C3C6 vertebrae**.
* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
* Largest cartilage; forms the **Adams apple (laryngeal prominence)**.
* Composed of two laminae that fuse anteriorly.
2. **Cricoid cartilage**:
* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
* Located below thyroid cartilage; articulates with thyroid & arytenoid cartilages.
3. **Epiglottis**:
* Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage.
* Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
**Paired Cartilages:**
1. **Arytenoid**:
* Pyramid-shaped; sit on top of cricoid.
* Attach vocal cords and muscles.
2. **Corniculate**:
* Small cartilages sitting atop the arytenoids.
3. **Cuneiform**:
* Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds; provide structural support.
**Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx**
> Responsible for controlling **vocal cord movement**.
| Muscle | Action | Nerve Supply |
| **Cricothyroid** | Tenses vocal cords | External laryngeal nerve |
| **Thyroarytenoid** | Relaxes vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Lateral cricoarytenoid** | Adducts vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Transverse & oblique arytenoids** | Closes the posterior glottis | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Vocalis** | Fine-tunes pitch | Recurrent laryngeal nerve | **Nerve Supply*
* **Motor**:
* All intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid): **Recurrent laryngeal nerve** (branch of vagus nerve).
* Cricothyroid: **External branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* **Sensory**:
* Above vocal cords: **Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* Below vocal cords: **Recurrent laryngeal nerve**.
**Blood Supply**
* **Superior laryngeal artery** (branch of superior thyroid artery).
* **Inferior laryngeal artery** (branch of inferior thyroid artery).
**Laryngeal Cavity & Folds**
Divided into 3 regions:
1. **Vestibule** from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords).
2. **Ventricle** between vestibular and vocal folds.
3. **Infraglottic cavity** below vocal cords to trachea.
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Mass spectroscopy
- 1. Mass Spectroscopy VINOTH R M.Pharm (IP) 1st Semester Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques
- 2. Contents 1.Introduction 2. Principle 3. Theory 4. Instrumentation 5. Different types of Ionization 6. FAB 7. MALDI 8. APCI 9. ESI 10.Quardapole
- 5. Common Elements with Mass Number