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Math Definitions: Introduction to Numbers
Word Definition Examples Not Examples
Natural Numbers The numbers that we use when we are
counting or ordering
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 …}
Whole Numbers The numbers that include natural numbers
and zero. Not a fraction or decimal.
{0, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 …}
Integer A counting number, zero, or the negative
of a counting number. No fractions or
decimals
{… -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …} 2/3, 1.72, -8.33, 0.51
Decimal Number Any number that contains a decimal point 0.256 or 1.2
Rational Numbers Can be expressed as a fraction. Include
integers and fractions or decimals
1/2 , 2/3 , 4/7, 0.5, 6.7
Irrational Numbers Cannot be expressed as a fraction Π, √2 …
Positive Greater than 0. x is positive if x > 0. 1, 17, 13.44, π, 18/3 0, -15, -8.22, -19/4
Negative Less than 0. x is negative if x < 0. -17, -18.892, -1981, -π 0, 12, π, 17.63, 892471
Non-Negative Greater than or equal to 0. x is non-
negative if x ≥ 0.
0, 1, π, 47812, 16/3, 189.53 -11, -82.7, -998.001
Non-Positive Includes negative numbers and 0.
Even An integer that is divisible by 2. 0; 2; -16; -8; 99837222 1; -7; π; 16.4
Odd An integer that is NOT divisible by 2. 1; 7; 19; -17 0; 8; -15.2

Place Value It is the value of where the digit is in the
number. Examples are units, tens,
hundreds, thousands, ten thousands,
hundred thousands, millions,…
Equivalent Equal (=) ½ and 0.5 are equivalent
Distinct Not equal. x and y are distinct if x ≠ y. 2 and 3 are distinct.
0 and 11 are distinct.
π and 3 are distinct.
4 and 4 are not distinct.
11.4 and 11.4 are not
distinct.
Constant A number that does not change
Consecutive
(Evenly spaced)
In a row; without any missing; numbers
or objects are consecutive if none of them
are skipped.
1, 2, 3, and 4 are consecutive
integers.
4, 6, 8, and 10 are consecutive
even integers.
2008, 2009, and 2010 are
consecutive years.
3, 4, and 6 are not
consecutive integers,
because 5 was skipped.

Math Definitions: Basic Operations
Word Definition Examples
Simplify To make as short as possible 5 + 3
4
can be simplified to 2
Evaluate To solve for a certain value 5x + 3 evaluated for x = 2 gives us 13
Plus
(Add)
To increase a number by another number (+) 5 plus 2 = 5 + 2 = 7
Sum The result of adding (+) two numbers. Also ∑ 5 is the sum of 2 and 3, since 2+3 = 5
Minus
(Subtract,
Difference)
To decrease a number by another number (-) 6 minus 2 = 6 – 2 = 4
Difference The positive result of subtracting (-) two numbers. The difference between 6 and 2 = 6 - 2 = 4
Fewer than To decrease by the original number (-) 5 fewer than 9 = 9 – 5 = 4
Multiply
(Times)
To add a number to itself a certain number of times (x or •) 3 times 4 = 3•4 = 12
Product The result of multiplying (× or •) two numbers. 18 is the product of 6 and 3, since 6•3 =
18.
Coefficient A number in front of, or multiplying, a variable. 4 is the coefficient of 4x
Divide by To cut up a number into a certain number of smaller parts
(÷)
8 divided by 4 = 8 ÷ 4 = 8/4 = 2
Divided into To use a number to cut another number into smaller parts (÷) 3 divided into 12 = 12/3 = 4
Divisor The second number in a division; the number you are dividing by; the
bottom number when division is written as a fraction.
In 8 ÷ 4, the divisor is 4
Quotient The result of dividing (÷ or /) two numbers. 6 is the quotient of 54 and 9, since 54/9 =
6.

Numerator The top number in a fraction. The numerator of 6/7 is 6
Denominator The bottom number in a fraction. The denominator of 6/7 is 7
Reciprocal Switch the numerator and denominator of a fraction. The reciprocal of
an integer n is the fraction 1/n.
The reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2.
The reciprocal of 7 is 1/7.
The reciprocal of 1/9 is 9/1, or just 9.
Factor A number that can be added to itself to reach another number. x is a
factor of y if y/x is an integer.
2 is a factor of 4 (since 4/2 = 2, which is
an integer)
Greatest
Common
Factor
The largest factor that each number has. The greatest common factor of 24 and 36
is 12
Multiple The result when a number is added to itself. x is a multiple of y if x/y is
an integer.
27 is a multiple of 3 (since 27/3 = 9,
which is an integer)
Least Common
Multiple
The smallest number that is a multiple of each number. The least common multiple of 25 and 10 is
50
Prime A positive integer that is divisible by exactly two positive numbers, 1
and itself.
1 is not a prime number, because it is divisible by only one positive
number (itself).
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 …
Prime
Factorization
Reducing a number into only its prime factors. The prime factorization of 72 is 23
*32

Power
(Exponent,
Base)
An exponent tells you to multiply something by itself a particular
number of times, in the same way that multiplication tells you to add
something to itself a particular number of times.
The number being multiplied by itself is called the base, and the
number of times you multiply it is called the exponent or the power.
Sometimes written as 2^5
2^5=25
=2*2*2*2*2=32
In this case, 5 is the exponent and 2 is the
base.
We would say 25
out loud as “two to the
fifth power” (or sometimes just “two to
the fifth”).
Squared To square a number is to multiply it by itself. A number x squared is
written x2
.
Squaring a number means to raise it to the second power.
3 squared is 9, since 3•3=9.
(-6) squared is 36, since (-6)•(-6) = 36.
Cubed To cube a number is to multiply it by itself three times. A number x
cubed is written x3
.
Cubing a number means to raise it to the third power.
2 cubed is 8, since 2•2•2 = 8.
Root The root of x is a number that when multiplied by itself a number of
times will result in x. The number of times is the degree of the root.
Another way to understand it is as an exponent that is a fraction. √
When the degree of a root is even, there are two solutions: a positive
one and a negative one.
If x is a negative number and the degree of the root is an even number,
then there are no roots.
The 3rd
root of 8 = 81/3
= √8 = 2
The 2nd
root of 25 = 251/2
= √25 = 5 or -5
The 2nd
root of -4 = (-4)1/2
= √−4 = no
roots
Perfect Square A number whose square root is an integer 64 is a perfect square because √64 = 8
Polynomial An expression with more than one algebraic term 4x3
+ 2x2
+ 6x + 3
Quadratic
Equation
An equation with a variable to the second power 3x2
+ 8x + 2 = 0
Absolute
Value
The distance from 0. Always positive |3| = 3 |7.34444| = 7.34444
|0| = 0 |-7| = 7

Inequality A relation between two values that are different instead of equal > means greater than
< means less than
≥ means greater than or equal to
≤ means less than or equal to
( A way to express a range, but the point is not included 1 < x < 3 is the same as (1, 3)
[ A way to express a range, but the point is included 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 is the same as [1, 3]
Percent Another way of writing a fraction. x% is equal to the fraction
x
100
. 50% is equal to 50/100, or 1/2.
75% is equal to 75/100, or 3/4.
Average
(Arithmetic
Mean)
The result of adding all numbers and then dividing by the number of
items.
The average of 10 and 12 =
10+ 12
2
= 11
Median The middle number of an ordered number of items. Make sure to put
the list in order first.
If there is no middle number, take the average of the two numbers in
the middle.
The median of 1, 10, and 11 = 10.
The median of -1, 2, 0, 8, 4, 5, and 1 = the
median of -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8 (ordered)
= 2.
Mode The most common occurrence. There can be more than one mode if
each occurs an equal number of times.
The mode of 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5 = 5
The modes of 1, 1, 2, 2, 4 = 1 and 2
Standard
Deviation
This is a measure of the spread of the data (i.e. how far away it is from
the mean)
Ratio A relationship between two amounts. This shows how many times
bigger one is over the other. The ratio should be in the same order as
the words. Expressed with :
A ratio can be simplified by dividing each side by the same number.
Because of this, it doesn’t always equal the actual number.
If there are 12 blue cars and 3 red cars, the
ratio of blue to red cars is 12:3 or 4:1
If the ratio of red to blue is 3:4, the actual
numbers of red and blue cars could be 3
and 4 or it could be 6 and 8, and so on.
Proportion When two ratios are equal
4
3
=
8
𝑥
If the ratio of blue cars to red cars is 4:3,
how many red cars are there if there are 8
blue cars?

Math Definitions: Geometry
Point One single location. Usually a ●
Line Connects two points and continues forever in both directions
Ray Starts from one point and continue forever in only one direction
Line Segment Connects two points but does not continue beyond those points
Endpoint The end of a line segment or ray
Midpoint The point on a line that is of exactly equal distance from both endpoints
Angle The space between two intersecting lines. Usually measured in degrees or radians
Degree of an Angle The measurement of an angle. Usually between 0° and 360°
Right Angle An angle with a measure of 90°
Acute An angle with a measure of less than 90°
Obtuse An angle with a measure of more than 90°
Complementary Two angles whose sum is 90°
Supplement Two angles whose sum is 180°
Bisect To cut an angle or line exactly in half
Tangent To touch at only one point
Parallel Two lines that never touch
Perpendicular Two lines that touch and form four 90° angles
To Scale When a picture is drawn as it looks. If something is not drawn to scale, it might
not correctly represent the actual picture.

Polygon An enclosed figure with 3 or more lines
Vertex Where two lines of a polygon touch
Quadrilateral A four-sided polygon. The sum of interior angles is 360°
Parallelogram A four-sided polygon such that opposite sides are parallel
Rhombus A four-sided polygon such that all sides are equal and such that opposite angles
are equal
Rectangle A four-sided polygon such that opposite sides are equal, such that opposite sides
are parallel, and such that all angles equal 90°
Square A four-sided figure such that all sides are equal, such that opposite sides are
parallel, and such that all angles equal 90°
Trapezoid A quadrilateral with two sides that are parallel
Triangle A three-sided figure. The sum of interior angles is 180°
Isosceles Triangle A triangle with 2 equal sides. The angles opposite the equal sides are equal.
Equilateral Triangle A triangle with 3 equal sides. Each angle is 60°
Right Triangle A triangle with one 90° angle
Hypotenuse The longest side of a right triangle (opposite the right angle).
Pythagorean Theorem An equation for the relationship of the sides of a right triangle a2
+ b2
= c2
Similar Triangles Triangles that have equal angle measures. Usually the triangles are of different
size, but the ratios of each side of one triangle to the matching side of the other
triangle are the same.
Congruent Identical

Perimeter Distance around the edges. Add all of the sides b
a
a + a + b + b
Area Amount of space inside. Usually multiply two sides that form a right angle. b
a
(a)(b)
Circle Round figure – all of the outside is the same distance from the center
Radius The distance from the center of a circle to the outside (plural: radii)
Diameter The distance between two points on a circle that passes through the center
Chord A line that connects two points on the circle. It does not have to pass through the
center.
Circumference The measure of the distance around the outside of a circle
Arc A part of the circumference
Sector Part of the area of a circle enclosed by two radii. Looks like a piece of pizza.
Central Angle The angle at the center of a circle that is enclosed by two radii (angle of a sector)
Cube A 3-dimensional square – all sides are equal.
Rectangular Solid A 3-dimensional rectangle.
Cylinder A circle with height – like a can of soda
Sphere A 3-dimensional circle – like a ball
Volume The space inside a 3-dimensional figure
Surface Area The area of the outside of a 3-dimensional figure
Inscribed When a figure is drawn inside another such that their boundaries touch

Math Definitions: Coordinate Geometry
Coordinate Plane A graph in which each point can be represented by a set of
coordinates
Axis The lines that make up a coordinate plane. (plural: axes) There is
usually an x and a y axis
Ordered Pair A set of numbers that indicates location on a graph (x, y) (1,2)
Intercept The point at which a line goes through another line or axis
Y-Intercept The point at which a line crosses the y-axis. (0, y) (0, 5)
X-Intercept The point at which a line crosses the x-axis. (x, 0) (2, 0)
Slope The gradient or steepness of a line. It is how far the line moves up
whenever the line moves one to the right.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Domain The set of numbers that are allowed in a function or line on a graph (-∞, ∞)
Range The potential output of a function or line on a graph [5, ∞)
Parallel (graphing) Two lines with the same slope
Perpendicular (graphing) Two lines with slopes that are negative reciprocals of each other
Translation Movement of a line or shape such that the result is the same but in a
different location
Rotation To turn an object in a circular motion around a fixed point
Reflection To flip a line or shape over a line (axis)
Symmetry When rotating or reflecting a shape results in the same shape

Common Symbols
Symbol Definition Examples How to Say it
$ Dollars. U.S. money $5.00 Five dollars
+ Addition. Usually read as “plus” 2 + 7 Two plus seven
- Subtraction. Usually read as “minus” 5 – 2 Five minus two
* Multiplication. Usually read as “times” 3 * 4 Three times four
÷ Division. Usually read as “divided by” 8 ÷ 2 Eight divided by two
/ Division. Usually read as “divided by” 6 / 3 Six divided by three
= Equals 1 + 1 = 2 One plus one equals two
≈ Approximately (almost equals) 9.95 ≈ 10
< Less than 2 < 4 Two is less than four
> Greater than 5 > 3 Five is greater than three
≤ Less than or equal to x ≤ 10 x is less than or equal to ten
≥ Greater than or equal to x ≥ 2 x is greater than or equal to two
^ Exponents. Usually read as “to the power of” 3^2 = 32
= 9 x to the power of two
� Root √4 = 2 The square root of four is two
% Percent 50% =
50
100
Fifty percent
∞ Infinity
∏ Pi 3.14159…
∑ Summation
3
∑ 2i = 2(1) + 2(2) + 2(3) = 11
i = 1
{ … } Set { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …} The set of ___ numbers
[ , ] Defines an inclusive range [5, ∞) x ≥ 5
( , )
Defines an exclusive range or
a coordinate point on a graph
(-∞, 2) x < 2

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