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Mechanisms of secondary nutrient movement into and within the plant

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Hema Boopathi

The document summarizes mechanisms and techniques for the uptake and movement of secondary nutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur in plants. It discusses that plants absorb these nutrients from the soil in ionic form through both active and passive mechanisms. It then describes the pathways of nutrient movement within the plant, including mass flow, diffusion, and transporters. The document reviews various techniques used to study nutrient uptake and transport, such as radiotracer methods, microelectrode techniques, and patch-clamping.

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Mechanisms and Techniques of secondary nutrient movement into and within the plant Hema Boopathi 1
INTRODUCTION 17 essential nutrients complete life cycle Ca, Mg and S - relatively large amount next to N,P and K ！ 2o Nutrient Plant take nutrients in ionic form from soil by root Inorganic macronutrients are usually present at low Conc. - soil ！ accumulated against concentration gradient. Plants therefore have to develop adaptive and flexible strategies for the acquisition of nutrients. Further mechanisms are present for (re)distribution throughout the plant. 2 ( Marschner, 1995 )
3 Essential Plant nutrients
Ion - Definition Ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, making it positively or negatively charged Anion: A negatively charged ion Cation: A positively charged ion 4
CONTENT Mechanisms of Ion uptake Active absorption Protein lecithin theory Cytochrome pump theory Passive absorption Mass flow theory Contact exchange theory 5 Movement in Soil Mass flow Diffusion Root Interception
Mechanism of Nutrient movement in Soil Nutrients are absorbed by roots as ions from the soil water or solution Diffusion Movement of ions from a zone of high conc. to zone of low conc. Mass flow Movement of ions in soil solution as water moves Root interception Root grows to the nutrient 6 (Marschner, 1995)
7 Nutrient Mobility and plant uptake
8
9 Mechanism of Ion Uptake
Passive Absorption Absorption of nutrients along the concentration gradient Absorption of nutrient without expenditure of metabolic energy Mass flow theory: Nutrients are absorbed by the root along with mass flow of water under the influence of transpiration 10
Ion Exchange Theory 11
12
13
14 Active absorption
15
16
17 The pathways of mineral transport in roots
18
19 Plant Cell
Calcium Form absorbed ！ Ca2+ Avg conc. in plant dry wt ！ 0.2 1.0 % Functions: Cell wall middle lamella Cell division and enlargement, Lipid metabolism Activator of enzymes ATPase Secondary messenger Stress 20 (Fontes et al., 2017)
21 Barber (1966) Amount of Nutrients Supplied by Mass Flow, Diffusion, and Root Interception - Corn Roots in a Alfisol
22 Amounts of 45Ca2+ ions (cpm x 105) in various parts of tomato plants grown in small (190 ml) or large (20,000 ml) containers for 40 d (Choi et al., 1997)
23 Pathway of Calcium movement to xylem ( White, 2000)
24 ( White, 2000) Translocation of calcium with the distance from root tip
Total Uptake and translocation of Calcium in rice 25 Kobayashi et al. (2013)
26 (White and Broadley, 2003 ) The relationship between Calcium concentration in soil solution ([Ca2+]ext) and shoot Calcium content
Distribution of Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur in mature cotton plants 27 Plant Parts Ca Mg S % of Total Uptake Stems 19 17 14 Leaves 64 38 39 Burs 14 14 22 Seed 3 31 25 Mullins and Burmester (1995)
Calcium uptake and distribution 28 (Maathuis, 2009)
Calcium Transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana 29 Sanders et al. ( 2002)
Ion homeostasis mechanism Calcium Signaling ( Bahmani et al., 2015 )30
31 Ca in soil solution Plant root epidermis Mass flow Root Xylem Apoplastic way in apical root, symplastic way in matured root using Calcium channels Leaf Xylem All other parts Transpiration Pull Diffusion
Magnesium Form absorbed ！ Mg2+ Avg conc in plant dry wt ！ 0.1 0.4 % Functions: Chlorophyll central head in chlorophyll structure Activator of enzymes carboxylase and hexokinase Binding ribosome units during protein synthesis Important nutrient in plant growth and development 32 (Guo, 2017)
Magnesium in plant Total Mg concentration ranges from 15 25 mM (Mooraw and Maguise, 2008). However, most Mg ions are bound or incorporated into cellular components, which leaves free cytosolic Mg2+ in the range of 0.4 to 0.5 mM. Typically 15 20% of total leaf Mg is in chlorophyll (White & Broadley, 2009), although this percentage can be higher or lower depending on plant Mg status. Phloem loading of carbohydrates depends on adequate Mg levels, as Mg deficient leaves accumulate starch and sugars (Marschner, 1995). 33
34 Barber (1995)
Contribution of root interception, mass flow and diffusion to the Potassium and Magnesium demand of maize in soil 35 Barber (1995)
Contribution of mass flow to measured uptake of Potassium and Magnesium to spring wheat and sugar beet 36 Strebel and Duynisveld (1989)
Magnesium Uptake and Distribution 37 (Maathuis, 2009)
Multi compartment transport box for Magnesium tracer study Kobayashi et al. (2013) 38
Total Uptake and Translocation of Magnesium in rice 39 Kobayashi et al. (2013)
Distribution pattern of Magnesium in plant parts of rice 40 Kobayashi et al. (2013)
41 Mg in soil solution Plant root epidermis Mass flow Root Xylem Apoplastic way in apical root, symplastic way in matured root using MRT transporters Leaf Xylem and Phloem All other parts
Sulphur Form absorbed ！ SO4 2- Avg conc in plant dry wt ！ 0.1 4.0 % Function: Components of amino acids like cysteine, cystine and methionine Protein and coenzyme 42
43 (Havlin et al., 2005 ) Rates of Root interception, Mass Flow and Diffusion in Ion Transport to Corn Roots
Autoradiography showing the accumulation of sulphate as a result of mass flow in corn 44 Dark areas represent the areas of S35 accumulation. Walker and Barber (1962)
Overview of plant Sulphur assimilation Pathway 45 Jez et al. (2016)
S assimilation with compartmentation 46 Kopriva et al. (2015)
S Transporter in Oil seed 47
Topology of SO4 2- Transporter 48 Smith et al. (2000)
50 SO4 2- in soil solution Plant root epidermis Mass flow Root Xylem Apoplastic way in apical root, symplastic way in matured root using MRT transporters Root Phloem All other parts Reduction of sulphur to S compounds and aminoacids
Techniques of secondary nutrient movement Radiotracer methods Analyses of exudates from transported systems using aphid stylectomy. Microelectrode Technique. Patch-clamp technique. 51
52 Microelectrode Technique. Patch-clamp technique.
53
Process of nutrient uptake in soil plant system OVERALL PROCESS 54 Pitman (1972)
55 Literature Collected No. of Research article collected : 20 No. of Abstracts collected : 16 No. of Reviews collected : 10

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Mechanisms of secondary nutrient movement into and within the plant

  • 1. Mechanisms and Techniques of secondary nutrient movement into and within the plant Hema Boopathi 1
  • 2. INTRODUCTION 17 essential nutrients complete life cycle Ca, Mg and S - relatively large amount next to N,P and K ！ 2o Nutrient Plant take nutrients in ionic form from soil by root Inorganic macronutrients are usually present at low Conc. - soil ！ accumulated against concentration gradient. Plants therefore have to develop adaptive and flexible strategies for the acquisition of nutrients. Further mechanisms are present for (re)distribution throughout the plant. 2 ( Marschner, 1995 )
  • 4. Ion - Definition Ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, making it positively or negatively charged Anion: A negatively charged ion Cation: A positively charged ion 4
  • 5. CONTENT Mechanisms of Ion uptake Active absorption Protein lecithin theory Cytochrome pump theory Passive absorption Mass flow theory Contact exchange theory 5 Movement in Soil Mass flow Diffusion Root Interception
  • 6. Mechanism of Nutrient movement in Soil Nutrients are absorbed by roots as ions from the soil water or solution Diffusion Movement of ions from a zone of high conc. to zone of low conc. Mass flow Movement of ions in soil solution as water moves Root interception Root grows to the nutrient 6 (Marschner, 1995)
  • 7. 7 Nutrient Mobility and plant uptake
  • 8. 8
  • 10. Passive Absorption Absorption of nutrients along the concentration gradient Absorption of nutrient without expenditure of metabolic energy Mass flow theory: Nutrients are absorbed by the root along with mass flow of water under the influence of transpiration 10
  • 12. 12
  • 13. 13
  • 15. 15
  • 16. 16
  • 17. 17 The pathways of mineral transport in roots
  • 18. 18
  • 20. Calcium Form absorbed ！ Ca2+ Avg conc. in plant dry wt ！ 0.2 1.0 % Functions: Cell wall middle lamella Cell division and enlargement, Lipid metabolism Activator of enzymes ATPase Secondary messenger Stress 20 (Fontes et al., 2017)
  • 21. 21 Barber (1966) Amount of Nutrients Supplied by Mass Flow, Diffusion, and Root Interception - Corn Roots in a Alfisol
  • 22. 22 Amounts of 45Ca2+ ions (cpm x 105) in various parts of tomato plants grown in small (190 ml) or large (20,000 ml) containers for 40 d (Choi et al., 1997)
  • 23. 23 Pathway of Calcium movement to xylem ( White, 2000)
  • 24. 24 ( White, 2000) Translocation of calcium with the distance from root tip
  • 25. Total Uptake and translocation of Calcium in rice 25 Kobayashi et al. (2013)
  • 26. 26 (White and Broadley, 2003 ) The relationship between Calcium concentration in soil solution ([Ca2+]ext) and shoot Calcium content
  • 27. Distribution of Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur in mature cotton plants 27 Plant Parts Ca Mg S % of Total Uptake Stems 19 17 14 Leaves 64 38 39 Burs 14 14 22 Seed 3 31 25 Mullins and Burmester (1995)
  • 28. Calcium uptake and distribution 28 (Maathuis, 2009)
  • 29. Calcium Transporters in Arabidopsis thaliana 29 Sanders et al. ( 2002)
  • 30. Ion homeostasis mechanism Calcium Signaling ( Bahmani et al., 2015 )30
  • 31. 31 Ca in soil solution Plant root epidermis Mass flow Root Xylem Apoplastic way in apical root, symplastic way in matured root using Calcium channels Leaf Xylem All other parts Transpiration Pull Diffusion
  • 32. Magnesium Form absorbed ！ Mg2+ Avg conc in plant dry wt ！ 0.1 0.4 % Functions: Chlorophyll central head in chlorophyll structure Activator of enzymes carboxylase and hexokinase Binding ribosome units during protein synthesis Important nutrient in plant growth and development 32 (Guo, 2017)
  • 33. Magnesium in plant Total Mg concentration ranges from 15 25 mM (Mooraw and Maguise, 2008). However, most Mg ions are bound or incorporated into cellular components, which leaves free cytosolic Mg2+ in the range of 0.4 to 0.5 mM. Typically 15 20% of total leaf Mg is in chlorophyll (White & Broadley, 2009), although this percentage can be higher or lower depending on plant Mg status. Phloem loading of carbohydrates depends on adequate Mg levels, as Mg deficient leaves accumulate starch and sugars (Marschner, 1995). 33
  • 35. Contribution of root interception, mass flow and diffusion to the Potassium and Magnesium demand of maize in soil 35 Barber (1995)
  • 36. Contribution of mass flow to measured uptake of Potassium and Magnesium to spring wheat and sugar beet 36 Strebel and Duynisveld (1989)
  • 37. Magnesium Uptake and Distribution 37 (Maathuis, 2009)
  • 38. Multi compartment transport box for Magnesium tracer study Kobayashi et al. (2013) 38
  • 39. Total Uptake and Translocation of Magnesium in rice 39 Kobayashi et al. (2013)
  • 40. Distribution pattern of Magnesium in plant parts of rice 40 Kobayashi et al. (2013)
  • 41. 41 Mg in soil solution Plant root epidermis Mass flow Root Xylem Apoplastic way in apical root, symplastic way in matured root using MRT transporters Leaf Xylem and Phloem All other parts
  • 42. Sulphur Form absorbed ！ SO4 2- Avg conc in plant dry wt ！ 0.1 4.0 % Function: Components of amino acids like cysteine, cystine and methionine Protein and coenzyme 42
  • 43. 43 (Havlin et al., 2005 ) Rates of Root interception, Mass Flow and Diffusion in Ion Transport to Corn Roots
  • 44. Autoradiography showing the accumulation of sulphate as a result of mass flow in corn 44 Dark areas represent the areas of S35 accumulation. Walker and Barber (1962)
  • 45. Overview of plant Sulphur assimilation Pathway 45 Jez et al. (2016)
  • 46. S assimilation with compartmentation 46 Kopriva et al. (2015)
  • 47. S Transporter in Oil seed 47
  • 48. Topology of SO4 2- Transporter 48 Smith et al. (2000)
  • 49. 50 SO4 2- in soil solution Plant root epidermis Mass flow Root Xylem Apoplastic way in apical root, symplastic way in matured root using MRT transporters Root Phloem All other parts Reduction of sulphur to S compounds and aminoacids
  • 50. Techniques of secondary nutrient movement Radiotracer methods Analyses of exudates from transported systems using aphid stylectomy. Microelectrode Technique. Patch-clamp technique. 51
  • 52. 53
  • 53. Process of nutrient uptake in soil plant system OVERALL PROCESS 54 Pitman (1972)
  • 54. 55 Literature Collected No. of Research article collected : 20 No. of Abstracts collected : 16 No. of Reviews collected : 10