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In this presentation how to handle sustainable architecture based on the theories and practical experience of Christopher Alexander has been investigated. People starting an actual project will have to go to Alexander's writings for more details. Here, the research was meant as no more than a proof that ecological design is possible; suggestions on how to proceed with it. Design today has to be respectful to nature and environment. This can be achieved by the application of patterns, which in fact offer the only way to create a living environment.

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A PATTERN LANGUAGE FOR SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE Of MEDITERRANEAN REGION (PATTERNS FROM C. ALEXANDER’S BOOK) Epilog Only after the last tree has been cut down, Only after the last river has been poisoned, Only after the last fish has been caught, Only then will you find money cannot be eaten. Cree Prophecy
1 . INDEPENDENT REGIONS Conflict: Metropolitan Regions Will Not Come to Balance Until Each One Is Small and Autonomous Enough to Be an Independent Sphere of Culture.
1 . INDEPENDENT REGIONS Solution : Wherever possible, work toward the evolution of independent regions in the Mediterranean area; each with a population between 2 and 10 million; each with its own natural and geographic boundaries; each with its own economy; each one autonomous and self-governing; each with a seat in a worId government, without the intervening power of larger states or countries.
2 . THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS Conflict: If the population of a region is weighted too far toward small villages, modern civilization can never emerge; but if the population is weighted too far toward big cities, the earth will go to ruin because the population isn't where it needs to be, to take care of it.
2 . THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS Solution: Encourage a birth and death process for towns within the region, which gradually has these effects: 1. The population is evenly distributed in terms of different sizes- example, one town with 1,000,000 people, 10 towns with 100,000 people each, 100 towns with 10,000 people each, and 1000 towns with 1000 people each. 2. These towns are distributed in space in such a way that within each size category the towns are homogeneously distributed all across the region. towns of 10,000 - 25 miles apart towns of 1,000 - 8 miles apart towns of 1,000,000 - 250 miles apart towns of 100,000 - 80 miles apart
3 . CITY COUNTRY FINGERS Conflict: Continuous sprawling urbanization destroys life, and makes cities unbearable. But the sheer size of cities is also valuable and potent.
3 . CITY COUNTRY FINGERS Solution: Keep interlocking fingers of farmland and urban land, even at the center of the metropolis. The urban fingers should never be more than 1 mile wide, while the farmland fingers should never be less than 1 mile wide.
4 . AGRICULTURAL VALLEYS Conflict: The land which is best for agriculture happens to be best for building too. But it is limited and once destroyed, it cannot be regained for centuries.
4 . AGRICULTURAL VALLEYS Solution: Preserve all agricultural valleys as farmland and protect this land from any development which would destroy or lock up the unique fertility of the soil. Even when valleys are not cultivated now, protect them: keep them for farms and parks and wilds.
5 . COUNTRY TOWNS Conflict: The big city is a magnet. It is terribly hard for small towns to stay alive and healthy in the face of central urban growth.
5 . COUNTRY TOWNS Solution: Preserve country towns where they exist; and encourage the growth of new self-contained towns, with populations between 500 and 10,000, entirely surrounded by open countryside and at least 10 miles from neighboring towns. Make it the region's collective concern to give each town the wherewithal it needs to build a base of local industry, so that these towns are not dormitories for people who work in other places, but real towns - able to sustain the whole of life.
6 . THE COUNTRYSIDE Conflict: I conceive that land belongs for use to a vast family of which many are dead, few are living, and countless members are still unborn. - a Nigerian tribesman
6 . THE COUNTRYSIDE Solution: Define all farms as parks, where the public has a right to be; and make all regional parks into working farms. Create stewardships among groups of people, families and cooperatives, with each stewardship responsible for one part of the countryside. The stewards are given a lease for the land, and they are free to tend the land and set ground rules for its use - as a small farm, a forest, marshland, desert, and so forth. The public is free to visit the land, hike there, picnic, explore, boat, so long as they conform to the ground rules. With such a setup, a farm near a city might have picnickers in its fields every day during the summer .
7. LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS Conflict: Cars give people wonderful freedom and increase their opportunities. But they also destroy the environment, to an extent so drastic that they kill all social life.
Solution: Break the urban area down into local transport oreas, each one between 1 and 2 miles across, surrounded by a ring road. Within the local transport area, build minor local roads and paths for internal movements on foot, by bike, on horseback, and in local vehicles; build major roads which make it easy for cars and trucks to get to and from the ring roads, but place them to make internal local trips slow and inconvenient. 7. LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS
8. . RING ROADS Conflict: It is not possible to avoid the need for high speed roads in modern society; but it is essential to place them and build them in such a way that they do not destroy communities or countryside.
8. . RING ROADS Solution: Place high speed roads so that: 1. At least one high speed road lies tangent to each local transport area. 2. Each local transport area has at least one side not bounded by a high speed road' but directly open to the countryside. 3. The road is always sunken, or shielded along its length by berms, or earth, or industrial buildings, to protect the nearby neighborhoods from noise. Lay out local roads so that they form loops. Within a local transport area build no intersecting major roads at all; instead, build a system of parallel and alternating one-way roads to carry traffic to the ring roads
9, T JUNCTIONS Conflict: Traffic accidents are far more frequent where two roads cross than at T junctions.
9, T JUNCTIONS Solution: Lay out the road system so that any two roads which meet at grade, meet in three-way T junctions as near 90 degrees as possible. Avoid four-way intersections and crossing movements. Ìý ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý
10, NINE PER CENT PARKING Conflict: Very simply , when the area devoted to parking is too great, it destroys the land.
10, NINE PER CENT PARKING Solution: Do not allow more than 9 per cent of the land in any given area to be used for parking. In order to prevent the "bunching" of parking in huge neglected areas, it is necessary for a town or a community to subdivide its land into "parking zones" no larger than 10 acres each and to apply the same rule in each zone.
11, SMALL PARKING LOTS Conflict: Vast parking lots wreck the land for people.
11, SMALL PARKING LOTS Solution: Make parking lots small, serving no more than five to seven cars, each lot surrounded by garden walls, hedges, fences, slopes, and trees, so that from outside the cars are almost invisible. Space these small lots so that they are at least ioo feet apart.
Conflict: Bikes are cheap, healthy, and good for the environment; but the environment is not designed for them. Bikes on roads are threatened by cars; bikes on paths threaten pedestrians. 12. BIKE PATHS AND RACKS
Solution: Make parking lots small, serving no more than five to seven cars, each lot surrounded by garden walls, hedges, fences, slopes, and trees, so that from outside the cars are almost invisible. Space these small lots so that they are at least ioo feet apart. 12. BIKE PATHS AND RACKS
13. A NIMALS Conflict: Animals are as important a part of nature as the trees and grass and flowers. There is some evidence, in addition, which suggests that contact with animals may play a vital role in a child's emotional development.
13. A NIMALS Solution: Make legal provisions which allow people to keep any animals on their private lots or in private stables. Create a piece of fenced and protected common land, where animals are free to graze, with grass, trees, and water in it. Make at least one system of movement in the neighborhood which is entirely asphalt-free - where dung can fall freely without needing to be cleaned up.
14. POOLS AND STREAMS Conflict: We came from the water; our bodies are largely water; and water plays a fundamental role in our psychology. We need constant access to water, all around us; and we cannot have it without reverence for water in all its forms. But everywhere in cities water is out of reach.
14. POOLS AND STREAMS Solution: Preserve natural pools and streams and allow them to run througb the city; make paths for people to walk along them and footbridges to cross them. Let the streams form natural barriers in the city, with traffic crossing them only infrequently on bridges. Whenever possible, collect rainwater in open gutters and allow it to flow above ground, along pedestrian paths and in front of houses. In places without natural running water, create fountains in the streets.
15. STILL WATER Conflict: To be in touch with water, we must above all be able to swim; and to swim daily, the pools and ponds and holes for swimming must be so widely scattered through the city, that each person can reach one within minutes.
15. STILL WATER Solution: In every neighborhood, provide some still water - a pond, a pool - for swimming. Keep the pool open to the public at all times, but make the entrance to the pool only from the shallow side of the pool, and make the pool deepen gradually, starting from one or two inches deep.
16. ACCESSIBLE GREEN Conflict: People need green open places to go to; when they are close they use them. But if the greens are more than three minutes away, the distance overwhelms the need.
16. ACCESSIBLE GREEN Solution: Build one open public green within three minutes' walk of every house and workplace. This means that the greens need to be uniformly scattered at 1500-f o ot intervals, throughout the city. Make the greens at least 150 feet across, and at least 60,000 square feet in area.
17. SITE REPAIR Conflict: Buildings must always be built on those parts of the land which are in the worst condition, not the best.
17. SITE REPAIR Solution: On no account place buildings in the places which are most beautiful. In fact, do the opposite. Consider the site and its buildings as a single living eco-system. Leave those areas that are the most precious, beautiful, comfortable, and healthy as they are, and build new structures in those parts of the site which are least pleasant now.
18. FOUR-STORY LIMIT Conflict: There is abundant evidence to show that high buildings make people crazy.
18. FOUR-STORY LIMIT Solution: In any urban area, no matter how dense, keep the majority of buildings four stories high or less. It is possible that certain buildings should exceed this limit, but they should never be buildings for human habitation.
19. HOUSING HILL Conflict: Every town has places in it which are so central and desirable that at least 30-50 households per acre will be living there. But the apartment houses which reach this density are almost all impersonal.
19. HOUSING HILL Solution: To build more than 30 dwellings per net acre, or to build housing three or four stories high, build a hill of houses. Build them to form stepped terraces, sioping toward the south, served by a great central open stair which also faces south and leads toward a common garden . . .
20. ROW HOUSES Conflict: At densities of 15 to 30 houses per acre, row houses are essential. But typical row houses are dark inside, and stamped from an identical mould.
20. ROW HOUSES Solution: For row houses, place houses along pedestrian paths that run at right angles to local roads and parking lots, and give each house a long frontage and a shallow depth.
21. HOUSE CLUSTER Conflict: People will not feel comfortable in their houses unless a group of houses forms a cluster, with the public land between them jointly owned by all the householders.
21. HOUSE CLUSTER Solution: Arrange houses to form very rough, but identifiable clusters of 8 to 12 households around some common land and paths. Arrange the clusters so that anyone can walk through them, without feeling like a trespasser.
22. BUILDING COMPLEX Conflict: People will not feel comfortable in their houses unless a group of houses forms a cluster, with the public land between them jointly owned by all the householders.
22. BUILDING COMPLEX Solution: Never build large monolithic buildings. Whenever possible translate your building program into a building complex . At low densities, a building complex may take the form of a collection of small buildings connected by arcades, paths, bridges, shared gardens, and walls. At higher densities, a single building can be treated as a building complex, if its important parts are picked out and made identifiable while still part of one three-dimensional fabric. Even a small building, a house for example, can be conceived as a "building complex'
23. WINGS OF LIGHT Conflict: Modern buildings are often shaped with no concern for natural light - they depend almost entirely on artificial light. But buildings which displace natural light as the major source of illumination are not fit places to spend the day.
23. WINGS OF LIGHT Solution: Arrange each building so that it breaks down into wings which correspond, approximately, to the most important natural social groups within the building. Make each wing long and as narrow as you can - never more than 25 feet wide.
24. SOUTH FACING OUTDOORS Conflict: People use open space if it is sunny, and do not use it if it isn't, in all but desert climates.
24. SOUTH FACING OUTDOORS Solution: Always place buildings to the north of the outdoor spaces that go with them, and keep the outdoor spaces to the south. Never leave a deep band of shade between the building and the sunny part of the outdoors.
25. POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE Conflict: Outdoor spaces which are merely "left over" between buildings will, in general, not be used.
25. POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE Solution: Make all the outdoor spaces which surround and lie between your buildings positive. Give each one some degree of enclosure; surround each space with wings of buildings, trees, hedges, fences, arcades, and trellised walks, until it becomes an entity with a positive quality and does not spill out indefinitely around corners.
26. COURTYARDS WHICH LIVE Conflict: The courtyards built in modern buildings are very often dead. They are intended to be private open spaces for people to use - but they end up unused, full of gravel and abstract sculptures.
26. COURTYARDS WHICH LIVE Solution: Place every courtyard in such a way that there is a view out of it to some larger open space; place it so that at least two or three doors open from the building into it and so that the natural paths which connect these doors pass across the courtyard. And, at one edge, beside a door, make a roofed veranda or a porch, which is continuous with both the inside and the courtyard.
27. ROOF GARDEN Conflict: A vast part of the earth's surface, in a town, consists of roofs. Couple this with the fact that the total area of a town which can be exposed to the sun is finite, and you will realize that is is natural, and indeed essential, to make roofs which take advantage of the sun and air.
27. ROOF GARDEN Solution: Make parts of almost every roof system usable as roof gardens. Make these parts flat, perhaps terraced for planting, with places to sit and sleep, private places. Place the roof gardens at various stories, and always make it possible to walk directly out onto the roof garden from some lived-in part of the building.
28. ARCADES Conflict: Arcades - covered walkways at the edge of buildings, which are partly inside, partly outside - play a vital role in the way that people interact with buildings.
28. ARCADES Solution: Wherever paths run along the edge of buildings, build arcades, and use the arcades, above all, to connect up the buildings to one another, so that a person can walk from place to place under the cover of the arcades.
29. INDOOR SUNLIGHT Conflict: If the right rooms are facing south, a house is bright and sunny and cheerful; if the wrong rooms are facing south, the house is dark and gloomy.
29. INDOOR SUNLIGHT Solution: Place the most important rooms along the south edge of the building, and spread the building out along the east-west axis. Fine tune the arrangement so that the proper rooms are exposed to the south-east and the south-west sun. For example: give the common area a full southern exposure, bedrooms south-east, porch south-west. For most climates, this means the shape of the building is elongated east-west.
30. OUTDOOR ROOM Conflict: A garden is the place for lying in the grass, swinging, croquet, growing flowers, throwing a ball for the dog. But there is another way of being outdoors: and its needs are not met by the garden at all.
30. OUTDOOR ROOM Solution: Build a place outdoors which has so much enclosure round it, that it takes on the feeling of a room, even though it is open to the sky. To do this, define it at the corners with columns, perhaps roof it partially with a trellis or a sliding canvas roof, and create "walls" around it, with fences, sitting walls, screens, hedges, or the exterior walls of the building itself.
31. TERRACED SLOPE Conflict: On sloping land, erosion caused by run off can kill the soil. It also creates uneven distribution of rainwater over the land, which naturally does less for plant life than it could if it were evenly distributed.
31. TERRACED SLOPE Solution: On all land which slopes - in fields, in parks, in public gardens, even in the private gardens around a house - make a system of terraces and bunds which follow the contour lines. Make them by building low walls along the contour lines, and then backfilling them with earth to form the terraces. There is no reason why the building itself should fit into the terraces - it can comfortably cross terrace lines.
32. THICK WALLS Conflict: Houses with smooth hard walls made of prefabricated panels, concrete, gypsum, steel, aluminum, or glass always stay impersonal and dead.
32. THICK WALLS Solution: Open your mind to the possibility that the walls of your building can be thick, can occupy a substantial volume - even actual usable space - and need not be merely thin membranes which have no depth. Decide where these thick walls ought to be.
INSIDE OF THE BUILDING ENTRANCE ROOM: At the main entrance to a building, make a light-filled room CLOSETS BETWEEN ROOMS : P lace the closets themselves on those interior walls which lie between two rooms and between rooms and passages where you need acoustic insulation SUNNY COUNTER : Place the main part of the kitchen counter on the south and southeast side of the kitchen THICKENING THE OUTER WALLS : Lay out a wide swath e on the plan of your building. DEEP REVEALS : Make the window frame a deep, splayed edge: about a foot wide and splayed at about 50 to 60 degrees to the plane of the window . RADIANT HEAT : Choose a way of heating your space-especially those rooms where people are going to gather when it is coldthat is essentially a radiative process
SOFT INSIDE WALLS : Make every inside surface warm to the touch, soft enough to take small nails and tacks, and with a certain slight "give" to the touch CLIMBING PLANTS : On sunny walls, train climbing plants to grow up round the openings in the wall-the windows, doors, porches, arcades, and trellises. PAVING WITH CRACKS BETWEEN THE STONES : On paths and terraces, lay paving stones with a 1 inch crack between the stones, so that grass and mosses and small flowers can grow between the stones. SOFT TILE AND BRICK : Use bricks and tiles which are soft baked, low fired - so that they will wear with time, and show the marks of use. WARM COLORS : Choose surface colors which, together with the color of the natural light, reflected light, and artificial lights, create a warm light in the rooms. POOLS OF LIGHT : Place the lights low, and apart, to form individual pools of light which encompass chairs and tables like bubbles
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Conclusion Ìý In this research it has been investigated how to handle sustainable architecture, based on the theories and practical experience of Christopher Alexander. People starting an actual project will have to go to Alexander's writings for more details. Here, the research was meant as no more than a proof that ecological design is possible; suggestions on how to proceed with it. Design today has to be respectful nature and environment. This can be obtained application of design patterns, which offer the only way to create a living environment. Sevinç KURT

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Mediterranean

  • 1. A PATTERN LANGUAGE FOR SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE Of MEDITERRANEAN REGION (PATTERNS FROM C. ALEXANDER’S BOOK) Epilog Only after the last tree has been cut down, Only after the last river has been poisoned, Only after the last fish has been caught, Only then will you find money cannot be eaten. Cree Prophecy
  • 2. 1 . INDEPENDENT REGIONS Conflict: Metropolitan Regions Will Not Come to Balance Until Each One Is Small and Autonomous Enough to Be an Independent Sphere of Culture.
  • 3. 1 . INDEPENDENT REGIONS Solution : Wherever possible, work toward the evolution of independent regions in the Mediterranean area; each with a population between 2 and 10 million; each with its own natural and geographic boundaries; each with its own economy; each one autonomous and self-governing; each with a seat in a worId government, without the intervening power of larger states or countries.
  • 4. 2 . THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS Conflict: If the population of a region is weighted too far toward small villages, modern civilization can never emerge; but if the population is weighted too far toward big cities, the earth will go to ruin because the population isn't where it needs to be, to take care of it.
  • 5. 2 . THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS Solution: Encourage a birth and death process for towns within the region, which gradually has these effects: 1. The population is evenly distributed in terms of different sizes- example, one town with 1,000,000 people, 10 towns with 100,000 people each, 100 towns with 10,000 people each, and 1000 towns with 1000 people each. 2. These towns are distributed in space in such a way that within each size category the towns are homogeneously distributed all across the region. towns of 10,000 - 25 miles apart towns of 1,000 - 8 miles apart towns of 1,000,000 - 250 miles apart towns of 100,000 - 80 miles apart
  • 6. 3 . CITY COUNTRY FINGERS Conflict: Continuous sprawling urbanization destroys life, and makes cities unbearable. But the sheer size of cities is also valuable and potent.
  • 7. 3 . CITY COUNTRY FINGERS Solution: Keep interlocking fingers of farmland and urban land, even at the center of the metropolis. The urban fingers should never be more than 1 mile wide, while the farmland fingers should never be less than 1 mile wide.
  • 8. 4 . AGRICULTURAL VALLEYS Conflict: The land which is best for agriculture happens to be best for building too. But it is limited and once destroyed, it cannot be regained for centuries.
  • 9. 4 . AGRICULTURAL VALLEYS Solution: Preserve all agricultural valleys as farmland and protect this land from any development which would destroy or lock up the unique fertility of the soil. Even when valleys are not cultivated now, protect them: keep them for farms and parks and wilds.
  • 10. 5 . COUNTRY TOWNS Conflict: The big city is a magnet. It is terribly hard for small towns to stay alive and healthy in the face of central urban growth.
  • 11. 5 . COUNTRY TOWNS Solution: Preserve country towns where they exist; and encourage the growth of new self-contained towns, with populations between 500 and 10,000, entirely surrounded by open countryside and at least 10 miles from neighboring towns. Make it the region's collective concern to give each town the wherewithal it needs to build a base of local industry, so that these towns are not dormitories for people who work in other places, but real towns - able to sustain the whole of life.
  • 12. 6 . THE COUNTRYSIDE Conflict: I conceive that land belongs for use to a vast family of which many are dead, few are living, and countless members are still unborn. - a Nigerian tribesman
  • 13. 6 . THE COUNTRYSIDE Solution: Define all farms as parks, where the public has a right to be; and make all regional parks into working farms. Create stewardships among groups of people, families and cooperatives, with each stewardship responsible for one part of the countryside. The stewards are given a lease for the land, and they are free to tend the land and set ground rules for its use - as a small farm, a forest, marshland, desert, and so forth. The public is free to visit the land, hike there, picnic, explore, boat, so long as they conform to the ground rules. With such a setup, a farm near a city might have picnickers in its fields every day during the summer .
  • 14. 7. LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS Conflict: Cars give people wonderful freedom and increase their opportunities. But they also destroy the environment, to an extent so drastic that they kill all social life.
  • 15. Solution: Break the urban area down into local transport oreas, each one between 1 and 2 miles across, surrounded by a ring road. Within the local transport area, build minor local roads and paths for internal movements on foot, by bike, on horseback, and in local vehicles; build major roads which make it easy for cars and trucks to get to and from the ring roads, but place them to make internal local trips slow and inconvenient. 7. LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS
  • 16. 8. . RING ROADS Conflict: It is not possible to avoid the need for high speed roads in modern society; but it is essential to place them and build them in such a way that they do not destroy communities or countryside.
  • 17. 8. . RING ROADS Solution: Place high speed roads so that: 1. At least one high speed road lies tangent to each local transport area. 2. Each local transport area has at least one side not bounded by a high speed road' but directly open to the countryside. 3. The road is always sunken, or shielded along its length by berms, or earth, or industrial buildings, to protect the nearby neighborhoods from noise. Lay out local roads so that they form loops. Within a local transport area build no intersecting major roads at all; instead, build a system of parallel and alternating one-way roads to carry traffic to the ring roads
  • 18. 9, T JUNCTIONS Conflict: Traffic accidents are far more frequent where two roads cross than at T junctions.
  • 19. 9, T JUNCTIONS Solution: Lay out the road system so that any two roads which meet at grade, meet in three-way T junctions as near 90 degrees as possible. Avoid four-way intersections and crossing movements. Ìý ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý
  • 20. 10, NINE PER CENT PARKING Conflict: Very simply , when the area devoted to parking is too great, it destroys the land.
  • 21. 10, NINE PER CENT PARKING Solution: Do not allow more than 9 per cent of the land in any given area to be used for parking. In order to prevent the "bunching" of parking in huge neglected areas, it is necessary for a town or a community to subdivide its land into "parking zones" no larger than 10 acres each and to apply the same rule in each zone.
  • 22. 11, SMALL PARKING LOTS Conflict: Vast parking lots wreck the land for people.
  • 23. 11, SMALL PARKING LOTS Solution: Make parking lots small, serving no more than five to seven cars, each lot surrounded by garden walls, hedges, fences, slopes, and trees, so that from outside the cars are almost invisible. Space these small lots so that they are at least ioo feet apart.
  • 24. Conflict: Bikes are cheap, healthy, and good for the environment; but the environment is not designed for them. Bikes on roads are threatened by cars; bikes on paths threaten pedestrians. 12. BIKE PATHS AND RACKS
  • 25. Solution: Make parking lots small, serving no more than five to seven cars, each lot surrounded by garden walls, hedges, fences, slopes, and trees, so that from outside the cars are almost invisible. Space these small lots so that they are at least ioo feet apart. 12. BIKE PATHS AND RACKS
  • 26. 13. A NIMALS Conflict: Animals are as important a part of nature as the trees and grass and flowers. There is some evidence, in addition, which suggests that contact with animals may play a vital role in a child's emotional development.
  • 27. 13. A NIMALS Solution: Make legal provisions which allow people to keep any animals on their private lots or in private stables. Create a piece of fenced and protected common land, where animals are free to graze, with grass, trees, and water in it. Make at least one system of movement in the neighborhood which is entirely asphalt-free - where dung can fall freely without needing to be cleaned up.
  • 28. 14. POOLS AND STREAMS Conflict: We came from the water; our bodies are largely water; and water plays a fundamental role in our psychology. We need constant access to water, all around us; and we cannot have it without reverence for water in all its forms. But everywhere in cities water is out of reach.
  • 29. 14. POOLS AND STREAMS Solution: Preserve natural pools and streams and allow them to run througb the city; make paths for people to walk along them and footbridges to cross them. Let the streams form natural barriers in the city, with traffic crossing them only infrequently on bridges. Whenever possible, collect rainwater in open gutters and allow it to flow above ground, along pedestrian paths and in front of houses. In places without natural running water, create fountains in the streets.
  • 30. 15. STILL WATER Conflict: To be in touch with water, we must above all be able to swim; and to swim daily, the pools and ponds and holes for swimming must be so widely scattered through the city, that each person can reach one within minutes.
  • 31. 15. STILL WATER Solution: In every neighborhood, provide some still water - a pond, a pool - for swimming. Keep the pool open to the public at all times, but make the entrance to the pool only from the shallow side of the pool, and make the pool deepen gradually, starting from one or two inches deep.
  • 32. 16. ACCESSIBLE GREEN Conflict: People need green open places to go to; when they are close they use them. But if the greens are more than three minutes away, the distance overwhelms the need.
  • 33. 16. ACCESSIBLE GREEN Solution: Build one open public green within three minutes' walk of every house and workplace. This means that the greens need to be uniformly scattered at 1500-f o ot intervals, throughout the city. Make the greens at least 150 feet across, and at least 60,000 square feet in area.
  • 34. 17. SITE REPAIR Conflict: Buildings must always be built on those parts of the land which are in the worst condition, not the best.
  • 35. 17. SITE REPAIR Solution: On no account place buildings in the places which are most beautiful. In fact, do the opposite. Consider the site and its buildings as a single living eco-system. Leave those areas that are the most precious, beautiful, comfortable, and healthy as they are, and build new structures in those parts of the site which are least pleasant now.
  • 36. 18. FOUR-STORY LIMIT Conflict: There is abundant evidence to show that high buildings make people crazy.
  • 37. 18. FOUR-STORY LIMIT Solution: In any urban area, no matter how dense, keep the majority of buildings four stories high or less. It is possible that certain buildings should exceed this limit, but they should never be buildings for human habitation.
  • 38. 19. HOUSING HILL Conflict: Every town has places in it which are so central and desirable that at least 30-50 households per acre will be living there. But the apartment houses which reach this density are almost all impersonal.
  • 39. 19. HOUSING HILL Solution: To build more than 30 dwellings per net acre, or to build housing three or four stories high, build a hill of houses. Build them to form stepped terraces, sioping toward the south, served by a great central open stair which also faces south and leads toward a common garden . . .
  • 40. 20. ROW HOUSES Conflict: At densities of 15 to 30 houses per acre, row houses are essential. But typical row houses are dark inside, and stamped from an identical mould.
  • 41. 20. ROW HOUSES Solution: For row houses, place houses along pedestrian paths that run at right angles to local roads and parking lots, and give each house a long frontage and a shallow depth.
  • 42. 21. HOUSE CLUSTER Conflict: People will not feel comfortable in their houses unless a group of houses forms a cluster, with the public land between them jointly owned by all the householders.
  • 43. 21. HOUSE CLUSTER Solution: Arrange houses to form very rough, but identifiable clusters of 8 to 12 households around some common land and paths. Arrange the clusters so that anyone can walk through them, without feeling like a trespasser.
  • 44. 22. BUILDING COMPLEX Conflict: People will not feel comfortable in their houses unless a group of houses forms a cluster, with the public land between them jointly owned by all the householders.
  • 45. 22. BUILDING COMPLEX Solution: Never build large monolithic buildings. Whenever possible translate your building program into a building complex . At low densities, a building complex may take the form of a collection of small buildings connected by arcades, paths, bridges, shared gardens, and walls. At higher densities, a single building can be treated as a building complex, if its important parts are picked out and made identifiable while still part of one three-dimensional fabric. Even a small building, a house for example, can be conceived as a "building complex'
  • 46. 23. WINGS OF LIGHT Conflict: Modern buildings are often shaped with no concern for natural light - they depend almost entirely on artificial light. But buildings which displace natural light as the major source of illumination are not fit places to spend the day.
  • 47. 23. WINGS OF LIGHT Solution: Arrange each building so that it breaks down into wings which correspond, approximately, to the most important natural social groups within the building. Make each wing long and as narrow as you can - never more than 25 feet wide.
  • 48. 24. SOUTH FACING OUTDOORS Conflict: People use open space if it is sunny, and do not use it if it isn't, in all but desert climates.
  • 49. 24. SOUTH FACING OUTDOORS Solution: Always place buildings to the north of the outdoor spaces that go with them, and keep the outdoor spaces to the south. Never leave a deep band of shade between the building and the sunny part of the outdoors.
  • 50. 25. POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE Conflict: Outdoor spaces which are merely "left over" between buildings will, in general, not be used.
  • 51. 25. POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE Solution: Make all the outdoor spaces which surround and lie between your buildings positive. Give each one some degree of enclosure; surround each space with wings of buildings, trees, hedges, fences, arcades, and trellised walks, until it becomes an entity with a positive quality and does not spill out indefinitely around corners.
  • 52. 26. COURTYARDS WHICH LIVE Conflict: The courtyards built in modern buildings are very often dead. They are intended to be private open spaces for people to use - but they end up unused, full of gravel and abstract sculptures.
  • 53. 26. COURTYARDS WHICH LIVE Solution: Place every courtyard in such a way that there is a view out of it to some larger open space; place it so that at least two or three doors open from the building into it and so that the natural paths which connect these doors pass across the courtyard. And, at one edge, beside a door, make a roofed veranda or a porch, which is continuous with both the inside and the courtyard.
  • 54. 27. ROOF GARDEN Conflict: A vast part of the earth's surface, in a town, consists of roofs. Couple this with the fact that the total area of a town which can be exposed to the sun is finite, and you will realize that is is natural, and indeed essential, to make roofs which take advantage of the sun and air.
  • 55. 27. ROOF GARDEN Solution: Make parts of almost every roof system usable as roof gardens. Make these parts flat, perhaps terraced for planting, with places to sit and sleep, private places. Place the roof gardens at various stories, and always make it possible to walk directly out onto the roof garden from some lived-in part of the building.
  • 56. 28. ARCADES Conflict: Arcades - covered walkways at the edge of buildings, which are partly inside, partly outside - play a vital role in the way that people interact with buildings.
  • 57. 28. ARCADES Solution: Wherever paths run along the edge of buildings, build arcades, and use the arcades, above all, to connect up the buildings to one another, so that a person can walk from place to place under the cover of the arcades.
  • 58. 29. INDOOR SUNLIGHT Conflict: If the right rooms are facing south, a house is bright and sunny and cheerful; if the wrong rooms are facing south, the house is dark and gloomy.
  • 59. 29. INDOOR SUNLIGHT Solution: Place the most important rooms along the south edge of the building, and spread the building out along the east-west axis. Fine tune the arrangement so that the proper rooms are exposed to the south-east and the south-west sun. For example: give the common area a full southern exposure, bedrooms south-east, porch south-west. For most climates, this means the shape of the building is elongated east-west.
  • 60. 30. OUTDOOR ROOM Conflict: A garden is the place for lying in the grass, swinging, croquet, growing flowers, throwing a ball for the dog. But there is another way of being outdoors: and its needs are not met by the garden at all.
  • 61. 30. OUTDOOR ROOM Solution: Build a place outdoors which has so much enclosure round it, that it takes on the feeling of a room, even though it is open to the sky. To do this, define it at the corners with columns, perhaps roof it partially with a trellis or a sliding canvas roof, and create "walls" around it, with fences, sitting walls, screens, hedges, or the exterior walls of the building itself.
  • 62. 31. TERRACED SLOPE Conflict: On sloping land, erosion caused by run off can kill the soil. It also creates uneven distribution of rainwater over the land, which naturally does less for plant life than it could if it were evenly distributed.
  • 63. 31. TERRACED SLOPE Solution: On all land which slopes - in fields, in parks, in public gardens, even in the private gardens around a house - make a system of terraces and bunds which follow the contour lines. Make them by building low walls along the contour lines, and then backfilling them with earth to form the terraces. There is no reason why the building itself should fit into the terraces - it can comfortably cross terrace lines.
  • 64. 32. THICK WALLS Conflict: Houses with smooth hard walls made of prefabricated panels, concrete, gypsum, steel, aluminum, or glass always stay impersonal and dead.
  • 65. 32. THICK WALLS Solution: Open your mind to the possibility that the walls of your building can be thick, can occupy a substantial volume - even actual usable space - and need not be merely thin membranes which have no depth. Decide where these thick walls ought to be.
  • 66. INSIDE OF THE BUILDING ENTRANCE ROOM: At the main entrance to a building, make a light-filled room CLOSETS BETWEEN ROOMS : P lace the closets themselves on those interior walls which lie between two rooms and between rooms and passages where you need acoustic insulation SUNNY COUNTER : Place the main part of the kitchen counter on the south and southeast side of the kitchen THICKENING THE OUTER WALLS : Lay out a wide swath e on the plan of your building. DEEP REVEALS : Make the window frame a deep, splayed edge: about a foot wide and splayed at about 50 to 60 degrees to the plane of the window . RADIANT HEAT : Choose a way of heating your space-especially those rooms where people are going to gather when it is coldthat is essentially a radiative process
  • 67. SOFT INSIDE WALLS : Make every inside surface warm to the touch, soft enough to take small nails and tacks, and with a certain slight "give" to the touch CLIMBING PLANTS : On sunny walls, train climbing plants to grow up round the openings in the wall-the windows, doors, porches, arcades, and trellises. PAVING WITH CRACKS BETWEEN THE STONES : On paths and terraces, lay paving stones with a 1 inch crack between the stones, so that grass and mosses and small flowers can grow between the stones. SOFT TILE AND BRICK : Use bricks and tiles which are soft baked, low fired - so that they will wear with time, and show the marks of use. WARM COLORS : Choose surface colors which, together with the color of the natural light, reflected light, and artificial lights, create a warm light in the rooms. POOLS OF LIGHT : Place the lights low, and apart, to form individual pools of light which encompass chairs and tables like bubbles
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  • 72. Conclusion Ìý In this research it has been investigated how to handle sustainable architecture, based on the theories and practical experience of Christopher Alexander. People starting an actual project will have to go to Alexander's writings for more details. Here, the research was meant as no more than a proof that ecological design is possible; suggestions on how to proceed with it. Design today has to be respectful nature and environment. This can be obtained application of design patterns, which offer the only way to create a living environment. Sevinç KURT