Bendable concreteSomayaGangotiyaThe document presents an overview of bendable concrete, also known as engineered cementitious composite (ECC), highlighting its composition, environmental benefits, applications, and pros and cons. Developed by Victor Li at the University of Michigan, ECC is recognized for its high ductility, reduced carbon emissions, and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional concrete. While it offers enhanced strength and crack resistance, it comes with higher initial costs and requires skilled labor for construction.
Aerocon bricksRitik49Aerocon bricks, or autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) bricks, were invented in the 1920s as a lightweight, fire-resistant alternative to clay bricks. They offer benefits such as improved thermal insulation, soundproofing, and low environmental impact due to the use of waste products like fly ash in their production. AAC bricks are found to possess superior properties over clay bricks, leading to reduced construction costs and promoting sustainable building practices.
Diseño de mezclasJose Carlos OnofreEste documento proporciona información sobre el diseño de mezclas de concreto, incluyendo consideraciones básicas como economía, trabajabilidad y resistencia. Explica los pasos para el proporcionamiento de mezclas de concreto de peso normal, como seleccionar los ingredientes, determinar las cantidades relativas para lograr las propiedades deseadas, y la información requerida como análisis granulométricos y características de los agregados y cemento. El objetivo es producir un concreto económico que cumpla con
Self healing concreteShubham AroraSelf-healing concrete has the ability to automatically repair cracks without external intervention. It exists as a spray, mortar, or within the concrete mixture. Cracks are inevitable in concrete over time due to loads and deterioration. Self-healing concrete helps prevent further cracking through two main mechanisms: bacteria that precipitate minerals to fill cracks or capsules containing chemicals that bond when cracks form. While initial costs are high, it reduces long-term maintenance. The concrete has improved durability, permeability and applications in infrastructure but bacteria use remains costly and strength increases slowly.
100499744 tarea-los-agregadosdian ruiz ayalaEste documento proporciona información sobre agregados para concreto. Incluye preguntas sobre características de agregados como módulo de finura, humedad natural y absorción. También cubre temas como granulometría, peso aparente de agregados y cálculos relacionados con volumen y peso de agregados para transporte. El documento enfatiza la importancia de usar agregados de buena calidad para obtener un concreto resistente y duradero.
Self Healing ConcreteAbhik AdakThe document discusses self-healing concrete that uses bacteria and mineral precursors to seal cracks automatically. Bacteria are added to the concrete along with calcium lactate. When cracks form and water enters, the bacteria metabolize the calcium lactate to precipitate calcium carbonate, sealing the cracks. Early attempts involved direct addition but viability was limited. Newer methods encapsulate the bacteria and precursors in lightweight aggregate added to concrete. Tests show this extends viability to months and allows self-healing of cracks up to 0.5mm wide through bacterial precipitation of minerals. Further optimization is still needed to minimize effects on concrete strength and allow self-healing over the full lifespan of concrete structures.
IS:9013-1999P Umamheswar RaoThis document outlines Indian Standard IS:9013-1978 which establishes a method for making, curing, and testing concrete specimens using accelerated curing techniques. It describes two accelerated curing methods - the warm water method and boiling water method. The standard provides requirements for molds, curing tanks, specimen preparation, curing procedures, and compression testing to allow for early assessment of concrete strength for construction quality control purposes. It seeks to enable evaluation of concrete strength within 24 hours of casting instead of the traditional 28-day testing period.
UNIT-1 Bitumen and Tar.pptxVijayAlur1Bitumen is a naturally occurring semi-solid form of petroleum that is formed from the remains of ancient algae and other organisms. It is refined from crude oil through processes like vacuum steam distillation. Tar is a similar black, thermoplastic material produced from the destructive distillation of coal. Both were widely used in the early 20th century as binders for road construction, leading to the term "tarmac". Bitumen has properties that make it a strong adhesive and durable sealant for engineering projects like roads. Various tests are conducted to evaluate properties like viscosity and durability.
Bricks Durga Devi Sharma1. Bricks are made from clay and are one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. They are inexpensive, durable, and easy to work with.
2. The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks including preparing the brick earth by blending clay with additives, molding, drying, and burning the bricks.
3. Bricks are classified based on their quality, strength, size, method of manufacture, and degree of burning. Special types of bricks include perforated, hollow, circular, and paving bricks used for specific construction purposes.
MORTAR-LESS SYSTEM Daivik PatelThe document is a comprehensive final report on a mortar-less system in construction, emphasizing its objectives, applications, advantages, and limitations. It includes a literature review of various research papers discussing different interlocking block systems and their mechanical properties, costs, and efficiencies compared to conventional masonry. The report concludes that the mortar-less system is generally more cost-effective and faster in construction, although it may not be suitable for all applications.
IRJET- Stabilisation of Soil with Marble Dust and Rice Husk in Highway Su...IRJET JournalThis document discusses stabilizing soil for highway subgrades using marble dust and rice husk. It first provides background on the types and properties of different soils found in India. It then describes marble dust and rice husk as waste materials that can be used for soil stabilization. The document outlines different soil stabilization methods including mechanical, chemical, and geosynthetic approaches. It states the research aims to study the effects of mixing marble dust and rice husk into problematic soils like alluvial and clayey soils. The goal is to improve the engineering properties and bearing capacity of the soils to make them suitable for use in highway subgrades.
Design And Construction Of Cantilevered Retaining WallsKumar AmanThis document discusses the design and construction of cantilevered retaining walls, which are used to retain earth or loose material. It outlines various types of retaining walls, their modes of failure, and case studies illustrating failures due to external pressures such as earthquakes. Further, it provides design considerations, factors of safety for sliding and overturning, and recommendations for backfill materials and compaction techniques.
Gabion pptakshayapriyadharshiniThe document discusses cabion walls, a type of retaining wall made from hexagonal woven wire mesh filled with materials like rocks and soil, popularized in civil engineering for their ability to stabilize slopes and control erosion. Key benefits include high strength, durability, economic efficiency, and environmental friendliness, while drawbacks comprise rust, flammability, and time-consuming construction. Overall, cabion walls are presented as a revolutionary and eco-friendly solution for various engineering applications.
rapid walls- modular construction technologyAnjith AugustineThis document summarizes Rapidwall, a prefabricated load-bearing wall system used for construction. Some key points:
- Rapidwall panels are manufactured off-site to precise specifications and delivered ready for quick assembly on-site.
- They provide benefits like reduced construction time, lower costs, sustainability, and less need for specialized labor compared to traditional building methods.
- The cellular Rapidwall panels are made of recycled materials, are fire resistant, earthquake proof, and recyclable themselves at the end of the building's life.
Curado del concretoyeltsin huatangari alarconEste documento trata sobre el curado del concreto. Explica que el curado significa mantener al concreto húmedo para que se endurezca adecuadamente. Detalla los métodos más comunes de curado como rociar agua finamente sobre la superficie, cubrir con hojas de plástico o aplicar compuestos de curado. Resalta la importancia de mantener al concreto húmedo continuamente para lograr una mayor resistencia y durabilidad.
ConcreteJam Zeshan AliConcrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together. Concrete is very versatile and can be molded into any shape. It is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its strength, durability, fire resistance and affordability. Proper curing of concrete by keeping it wet is important for it to gain full strength.
BrickshlksdBricks are artificial rectangular blocks made from clay that are dried and fired. They are used widely in construction due to properties like light weight, durability, and flexibility. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay material, shaping bricks, drying, and firing. Good bricks are uniform in color, shape, size and have high compressive strength and resistance to weathering. Various types of bricks exist for different applications like plinth bricks, hollow bricks, and fire bricks.
Self compacting concreteSukhdeep JatSelf-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly fluid concrete that can spread and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. It was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve issues with vibration and ensure durable concrete structures. SCC spreads easily and fills forms completely, even around dense reinforcement. This eliminates the need for vibration and ensures uniform consolidation, but it requires precise material proportions and testing. While allowing for complex designs and construction time savings, SCC is also more expensive than traditional concrete due to material and testing costs. It therefore provides benefits for certain applications but cannot be used universally.
Special concrete and concreting methodAditya MistryThis document summarizes various special concretes and concreting methods. It discusses light weight concrete using natural or artificial lightweight aggregates. It also discusses high density concrete using heavier aggregates, mass concrete for large structures, plum concrete using large stones, and fibre reinforced concrete to improve properties like ductility and impact resistance. Finally, it briefly discusses polymer concrete, ferroconcrete, and their applications.
Special Concrete.pdfD. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology, Kolhapur, Maharastra, IndiaThis document discusses different types of special concrete and factors that affect the durability of concrete. It describes 10 types of special concrete: 1) light weight concrete, 2) polymer modified concrete, 3) fiber reinforced concrete, 4) high performance concrete, 5) pumped concrete, 6) roller compacted concrete, 7) self-compacting concrete, 8) high density concrete, 9) ready mixed concrete, and 10) green concrete. It also discusses recycled concrete and various methods to improve the durability of concrete structures. The document provides details on the composition, properties and applications of these special concretes.
Diseño de mezclas y laboratorioRubén EscribanoEste documento describe los procedimientos para realizar análisis granulométricos, determinar el peso unitario y humedad de los agregados, y diseñar mezclas. Incluye ensayos para medir el peso seco suelto y compactado de los agregados siguiendo normas ASTM, lo que permite calcular contenido de vacíos, clasificar agregados, y conocer la uniformidad. También describe cómo medir el contenido de humedad de los agregados, información importante para el diseño de mezclas de concreto.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module IV - Lecture NotesSHAMJITH KMThe document discusses various basic components of building construction including substructure, superstructure, foundation, plinth, beams, columns, walls, arches, roofs, slabs, lintels, parapets, staircases, doors, windows and other elements. It provides descriptions of each component, their functions and materials typically used. Foundations discussed include isolated spread footing, wall/strip footing, combined footing, cantilever/strap footing and mat/raft footing for shallow foundations and pile, well/caisson and pier foundations for deep foundations. Flooring materials and requirements are also summarized along with technical terms for doors and windows.
IRJET- Utilization of Coconut Shell and Coconut Fiber in Concrete - A ReviewIRJET JournalThis document reviews research on utilizing coconut shell and coconut fiber in concrete. It discusses how coconut shell can replace traditional coarse aggregates in concrete due to its similar chemical composition to wood. Coconut fiber can also be added to concrete. Several studies have found that using these agricultural wastes in concrete can improve properties like compressive strength and flexural strength while also helping address the problem of waste disposal. The document summarizes several past studies that explored utilizing different percentages of coconut shell and fiber in concrete mixes and evaluating the resulting mechanical properties. In general, results showed coconut shell and fiber concretes can perform comparably to traditional mixes.
EARTH CONSTRUCTION MANUALSayamMulaniThis document provides an overview of various earth construction techniques. It begins by explaining that earth structures are made primarily from soil and may include additives like straw or cement to add strength. Common earth building materials include mud, cob, adobe bricks, rammed earth, and compressed earth blocks.
The document then discusses soil composition and types, explaining that clay, silt, sand and gravel can be used alone or combined in earth construction. It provides details on testing soil properties through methods like the biscuit test. Stabilizers like lime, cement or plant fibers can be added to improve soil suitability.
Construction techniques covered include mud construction, cob building, adobe brick making, wattle and daub,
Mechanical properties of materialsYasin EnginThe document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness, toughness, fatigue, creep, resilience, and malleability. Strength is the ability to withstand load before failure. Stiffness is the resistance to deformation under stress. Elasticity and plasticity refer to a material's ability to return to its original shape or retain a deformation, respectively. Ductility allows drawing a material into a wire while brittleness causes brittle fracture. Hardness measures resistance to surface indentation. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing. Fatigue and creep describe effects of repeated or sustained loading. Resilience and malleability
Mechanical Properties of MaterialsYasin EnginThe document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness, toughness, fatigue, creep, resilience, and malleability. Strength is the ability to withstand load before failure. Stiffness is the resistance to deformation under stress. Elasticity and plasticity refer to a material's ability to return to its original shape or retain a deformation, respectively. Ductility allows drawing a material into a wire while brittleness causes brittle fracture. Hardness resists indentation and toughness absorbs energy without fracturing. Fatigue and creep involve deformation over time from repeated or sustained loads. Resilience and malleability refer to absorbing and
UNIT-1 Bitumen and Tar.pptxVijayAlur1Bitumen is a naturally occurring semi-solid form of petroleum that is formed from the remains of ancient algae and other organisms. It is refined from crude oil through processes like vacuum steam distillation. Tar is a similar black, thermoplastic material produced from the destructive distillation of coal. Both were widely used in the early 20th century as binders for road construction, leading to the term "tarmac". Bitumen has properties that make it a strong adhesive and durable sealant for engineering projects like roads. Various tests are conducted to evaluate properties like viscosity and durability.
Bricks Durga Devi Sharma1. Bricks are made from clay and are one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. They are inexpensive, durable, and easy to work with.
2. The document discusses the manufacturing process of bricks including preparing the brick earth by blending clay with additives, molding, drying, and burning the bricks.
3. Bricks are classified based on their quality, strength, size, method of manufacture, and degree of burning. Special types of bricks include perforated, hollow, circular, and paving bricks used for specific construction purposes.
MORTAR-LESS SYSTEM Daivik PatelThe document is a comprehensive final report on a mortar-less system in construction, emphasizing its objectives, applications, advantages, and limitations. It includes a literature review of various research papers discussing different interlocking block systems and their mechanical properties, costs, and efficiencies compared to conventional masonry. The report concludes that the mortar-less system is generally more cost-effective and faster in construction, although it may not be suitable for all applications.
IRJET- Stabilisation of Soil with Marble Dust and Rice Husk in Highway Su...IRJET JournalThis document discusses stabilizing soil for highway subgrades using marble dust and rice husk. It first provides background on the types and properties of different soils found in India. It then describes marble dust and rice husk as waste materials that can be used for soil stabilization. The document outlines different soil stabilization methods including mechanical, chemical, and geosynthetic approaches. It states the research aims to study the effects of mixing marble dust and rice husk into problematic soils like alluvial and clayey soils. The goal is to improve the engineering properties and bearing capacity of the soils to make them suitable for use in highway subgrades.
Design And Construction Of Cantilevered Retaining WallsKumar AmanThis document discusses the design and construction of cantilevered retaining walls, which are used to retain earth or loose material. It outlines various types of retaining walls, their modes of failure, and case studies illustrating failures due to external pressures such as earthquakes. Further, it provides design considerations, factors of safety for sliding and overturning, and recommendations for backfill materials and compaction techniques.
Gabion pptakshayapriyadharshiniThe document discusses cabion walls, a type of retaining wall made from hexagonal woven wire mesh filled with materials like rocks and soil, popularized in civil engineering for their ability to stabilize slopes and control erosion. Key benefits include high strength, durability, economic efficiency, and environmental friendliness, while drawbacks comprise rust, flammability, and time-consuming construction. Overall, cabion walls are presented as a revolutionary and eco-friendly solution for various engineering applications.
rapid walls- modular construction technologyAnjith AugustineThis document summarizes Rapidwall, a prefabricated load-bearing wall system used for construction. Some key points:
- Rapidwall panels are manufactured off-site to precise specifications and delivered ready for quick assembly on-site.
- They provide benefits like reduced construction time, lower costs, sustainability, and less need for specialized labor compared to traditional building methods.
- The cellular Rapidwall panels are made of recycled materials, are fire resistant, earthquake proof, and recyclable themselves at the end of the building's life.
Curado del concretoyeltsin huatangari alarconEste documento trata sobre el curado del concreto. Explica que el curado significa mantener al concreto húmedo para que se endurezca adecuadamente. Detalla los métodos más comunes de curado como rociar agua finamente sobre la superficie, cubrir con hojas de plástico o aplicar compuestos de curado. Resalta la importancia de mantener al concreto húmedo continuamente para lograr una mayor resistencia y durabilidad.
ConcreteJam Zeshan AliConcrete is a composite material made by mixing cement, water, and aggregates such as sand and gravel. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together. Concrete is very versatile and can be molded into any shape. It is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its strength, durability, fire resistance and affordability. Proper curing of concrete by keeping it wet is important for it to gain full strength.
BrickshlksdBricks are artificial rectangular blocks made from clay that are dried and fired. They are used widely in construction due to properties like light weight, durability, and flexibility. The manufacturing process involves preparing clay material, shaping bricks, drying, and firing. Good bricks are uniform in color, shape, size and have high compressive strength and resistance to weathering. Various types of bricks exist for different applications like plinth bricks, hollow bricks, and fire bricks.
Self compacting concreteSukhdeep JatSelf-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly fluid concrete that can spread and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. It was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve issues with vibration and ensure durable concrete structures. SCC spreads easily and fills forms completely, even around dense reinforcement. This eliminates the need for vibration and ensures uniform consolidation, but it requires precise material proportions and testing. While allowing for complex designs and construction time savings, SCC is also more expensive than traditional concrete due to material and testing costs. It therefore provides benefits for certain applications but cannot be used universally.
Special concrete and concreting methodAditya MistryThis document summarizes various special concretes and concreting methods. It discusses light weight concrete using natural or artificial lightweight aggregates. It also discusses high density concrete using heavier aggregates, mass concrete for large structures, plum concrete using large stones, and fibre reinforced concrete to improve properties like ductility and impact resistance. Finally, it briefly discusses polymer concrete, ferroconcrete, and their applications.
Special Concrete.pdfD. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology, Kolhapur, Maharastra, IndiaThis document discusses different types of special concrete and factors that affect the durability of concrete. It describes 10 types of special concrete: 1) light weight concrete, 2) polymer modified concrete, 3) fiber reinforced concrete, 4) high performance concrete, 5) pumped concrete, 6) roller compacted concrete, 7) self-compacting concrete, 8) high density concrete, 9) ready mixed concrete, and 10) green concrete. It also discusses recycled concrete and various methods to improve the durability of concrete structures. The document provides details on the composition, properties and applications of these special concretes.
Diseño de mezclas y laboratorioRubén EscribanoEste documento describe los procedimientos para realizar análisis granulométricos, determinar el peso unitario y humedad de los agregados, y diseñar mezclas. Incluye ensayos para medir el peso seco suelto y compactado de los agregados siguiendo normas ASTM, lo que permite calcular contenido de vacíos, clasificar agregados, y conocer la uniformidad. También describe cómo medir el contenido de humedad de los agregados, información importante para el diseño de mezclas de concreto.
Construction Materials and Engineering - Module IV - Lecture NotesSHAMJITH KMThe document discusses various basic components of building construction including substructure, superstructure, foundation, plinth, beams, columns, walls, arches, roofs, slabs, lintels, parapets, staircases, doors, windows and other elements. It provides descriptions of each component, their functions and materials typically used. Foundations discussed include isolated spread footing, wall/strip footing, combined footing, cantilever/strap footing and mat/raft footing for shallow foundations and pile, well/caisson and pier foundations for deep foundations. Flooring materials and requirements are also summarized along with technical terms for doors and windows.
IRJET- Utilization of Coconut Shell and Coconut Fiber in Concrete - A ReviewIRJET JournalThis document reviews research on utilizing coconut shell and coconut fiber in concrete. It discusses how coconut shell can replace traditional coarse aggregates in concrete due to its similar chemical composition to wood. Coconut fiber can also be added to concrete. Several studies have found that using these agricultural wastes in concrete can improve properties like compressive strength and flexural strength while also helping address the problem of waste disposal. The document summarizes several past studies that explored utilizing different percentages of coconut shell and fiber in concrete mixes and evaluating the resulting mechanical properties. In general, results showed coconut shell and fiber concretes can perform comparably to traditional mixes.
EARTH CONSTRUCTION MANUALSayamMulaniThis document provides an overview of various earth construction techniques. It begins by explaining that earth structures are made primarily from soil and may include additives like straw or cement to add strength. Common earth building materials include mud, cob, adobe bricks, rammed earth, and compressed earth blocks.
The document then discusses soil composition and types, explaining that clay, silt, sand and gravel can be used alone or combined in earth construction. It provides details on testing soil properties through methods like the biscuit test. Stabilizers like lime, cement or plant fibers can be added to improve soil suitability.
Construction techniques covered include mud construction, cob building, adobe brick making, wattle and daub,
Mechanical properties of materialsYasin EnginThe document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness, toughness, fatigue, creep, resilience, and malleability. Strength is the ability to withstand load before failure. Stiffness is the resistance to deformation under stress. Elasticity and plasticity refer to a material's ability to return to its original shape or retain a deformation, respectively. Ductility allows drawing a material into a wire while brittleness causes brittle fracture. Hardness measures resistance to surface indentation. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing. Fatigue and creep describe effects of repeated or sustained loading. Resilience and malleability
Mechanical Properties of MaterialsYasin EnginThe document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, hardness, toughness, fatigue, creep, resilience, and malleability. Strength is the ability to withstand load before failure. Stiffness is the resistance to deformation under stress. Elasticity and plasticity refer to a material's ability to return to its original shape or retain a deformation, respectively. Ductility allows drawing a material into a wire while brittleness causes brittle fracture. Hardness resists indentation and toughness absorbs energy without fracturing. Fatigue and creep involve deformation over time from repeated or sustained loads. Resilience and malleability refer to absorbing and
Record breaking mega structures in turkeyYasin EnginThis document lists several record-breaking mega structures that have been built in Turkey, including:
1) The Marmaray Tunnel in Istanbul, which is the deepest immersed tube rail tunnel in the world at 60 meters below sea level.
2) The Avrasya Tunnel in Istanbul, which is the world's deepest underwater road tunnel at 106 meters below sea level.
3) The 1915 Canakkale Bridge, which will be the longest suspension bridge in the world at 2023 meters long when completed in 2023.
Concrete testsYasin EnginThis document lists various tests that can be performed on materials used in concrete and on hardened concrete itself. It includes tests for cement, pozzolans, fine and coarse aggregates, fresh concrete properties like slump and air content, mechanical properties of hardened concrete like compressive strength and flexural strength, and durability properties like chloride penetration, freezing and thawing resistance, and corrosion resistance. The tests are grouped into categories for hardened concrete basic tests, chemical admixture tests, fine and coarse aggregate tests, advanced hardened concrete tests, cement and pozzolans tests, and fresh concrete tests.
Examples of structures of super high-strength concrete in engineeringYasin EnginThis document summarizes properties of structures that used super-high-strength concrete, including notable buildings and bridges. It provides details on the location, year completed, dimensions, concrete strength, water-to-binder ratio, and cement/additive contents. Examples include the Petronas Towers in Malaysia with concrete strength of 85 MPa, the Laurentienne Building in Canada with strength of 120 MPa, and the Millau Viaduct in France with concrete reaching 199 MPa. The document concludes by noting that Samsung C&T is working to commercialize 200 MPa concrete to enable even taller structures.
Some milestones in history of concreteYasin EnginThis document lists some milestones in the history of concrete construction from 1835 to 1963, including:
- The first plain concrete house built in 1835 in Kent, UK.
- The first reinforced concrete structure built in 1848 in France.
- The first reinforced concrete bridge built in 1875 in France.
- The first reinforced concrete building built in 1892 in Paris, France.
Structures inspired by concreteYasin EnginThe document provides descriptions of 31 architectural projects from around the world that feature the use of concrete in innovative ways. Many of the projects play with the plasticity and sculptural qualities of poured and cast concrete to create dramatic curved and angled forms, while others employ concrete's durability to blend structures into their natural landscapes. A few highlights include Zaha Hadid's dynamic Vitra Fire Station, Oscar Niemeyer's parabolic columns at the Cathedral of Brasilia, and Louis Kahn's monumental Salk Institute perched above the Pacific Ocean.
Modified Methylene Blue (MMB) Test ProcedureYasin EnginThis document provides detailed procedures for performing the Modified Methylene Blue (MMB) test to determine the amount of methylene blue adsorbed by aggregate fines. The test involves mixing a sample with methylene blue solution, filtering the mixture, diluting it, and measuring absorbance with a colorimeter. A higher methylene blue value indicates higher clay content, which is undesirable for construction materials. Research has shown a strong correlation between methylene blue value and properties like strength reduction and shrinkage in Portland cement concrete containing clay-contaminated aggregates.
An old book about Portland cement and concreteYasin EnginThis document summarizes a paper presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers on Portland cement. It discusses the manufacture of Portland cement, including the raw materials of clay and chalk used. It describes the chemical processes that occur when the mixture is burned in kilns to produce clinkers. It also discusses testing of Portland cement, including chemical analysis, specific gravity measurements, and breaking strength tests of cement blocks. The document emphasizes the importance of thorough burning and grinding of cement to ensure high quality.
2. 2
Çimento
"Çimento" kelimesi, yontulmuş taş kırıntısı anlamındaki Latince
"caementum" sözcüğünden türemiş, sonraları “bağlayıcı”
anlamında kullanılmaya başlamıştır. İlk betonarme yapının tarihi
1852 olmakla birlikte, yapıların inşasında bağlayıcı malzemelerin
kullanımı çok eskilere dayanır; bağlayıcı madde olarak kullanılan ilk
madde kireçtir.
Çimento tarihini bağlayıcı malzemelerin ilk kullanımından itibaren
düşünmek gerekir. Çünkü yüzlerce yıllık deneyim ve birikim
günümüzde kullandığımız “Portland Çimentosu”nun icat
edilmesine yol açmıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
3. 3
Bağlayıcı Malzemeler
Kirecin bağlayıcı özelliğinin insanlık tarihinin erken dönemlerinde
keşfedildiği söylenebilir. Eski Mısır, Kıbrıs, Girit ve Mezopotamya'nın
değişik yörelerinde kirecin bir yapı malzemesi olarak kullanılmasına ait
örneklere rastlanılmıştır. Eski Yunanlılar ve Romalılar kireci hidrolik
bağlayıcı olarak kullanmışlardır. M.Ö. 70 - 25 yılları arasında yaşamış
olan Mimar Vitruvius "On Architecture" (Mimarlık Üzerine) adlı 10
ciltlik kitabında puzolan ve kireç karışımlarının hidrolik özelliklerinden
bahsetmiş, nehir ve deniz kıyısında yapılacak olan yapılarda
kullanılabilecek harç için karışım oranı bile vermiştir(2 birim puzolan 1
birim kireç).
www.betonvecimento.com
5. 5
MÖ 8000’den Önceki Yıllar (Paleolitik Çağ)
Killi toprakların bağlayıcılık potansiyeli farkedilmiş ve bu
malzemeden döneme
uygun, işe yarar basit aletler ve heykelcikler yapılmıştır.
MÖ 8000- MÖ 4500 Yılları (Neolitik Çağ)
Ateşin bulunmasıyla alçı ve kirecin bilinçli olarak üretilebilme
yöntemleri keşfedilmiştir.
Skara Brae Neolitik Köyü, İngiltere
www.betonvecimento.com
6. 6
MÖ 4500- MÖ 300 Yılları
MÖ 4500’de Mezopotamya’daki kent devletleri kurulmaya
başladıktan sonra bu devletlerde taş, ahşap gibi pek çok yapı
malzemesi kullanılmış, yaygın olarak yararlanılan malzemeler ise
killi topraktan üretilen harçlar olmuştur. Tarihte, Mısır Piramitleri, Çin
Seddi ve değişik zamanda yapılan kalelerde o dönemin
medeniyetini simgeleyen birçok değişik bağlayıcı madde
kullanılmıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
7. 7
MÖ 300- MS 1453 Yılları
Yaklaşık olarak MÖ 509- MÖ 27 yılları arasında bir tarihte Romalılar
tarafından “puzolan” olarak adlandırılan bir malzemenin hidrolik
bağlayıcılık potansiyeli keşfedilmiştir. Romalılar yaptıkları puzolanik
malzemelerle yaptıkları su altında da sertleşebilen harçları ve
betonları birçok önemli yapıda kullanmışlardır.
Pantheon Tapınağı,M.S.186,Roma
Kubbe çapı:43 m
8. 8
1453- 1690 Yılları
Bizans İmparatorluğu olarak anılan Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nun 1453
yılında çökmesinden sonra bağlayıcılar ve betonla ilgili önemli yenilikler yer
almamıştır. 1299 yılında kurulmuş olan Osmanlı Devleti’nin daha sonraki
dönemlerinde özellikle 1500’lü yıllarda Mimar Sinan tarafından
kullanılan “Horasan Harcı” olarak adlandırılan malzemeden
yararlanılarak görkemli eserler yapılmıştır.
İçkale Kilisesi, Bodrum 6.yySelimiye Camii,Edirne 16.yy
www.betonvecimento.com
9. 9
1690- 1790 Yılları
Plymouth Limanı 1600’lü yıllarda, demirlemek isteyen gemiler için en
uygun liman olarak görülmektedir. Ancak denizin içerisinde yer alan
Eddystone kayalıkları limana yaptığı dalga ve alabora ile limana girişi
zorlaştırmaktadır. Su altında sertleşebilen harçların kullanımı ile
İngiltere’de, gemicilere kolaylık sağlaması amacıyla John Smeaton
tarafından yapılan Eddystone Deniz Feneri yapımı 1757- 1759 yılları
arasında tamamlanmıştır. Fener, denizaltında açılan deliklere, kurşun
ile tutturulmuş olan demir çubuklara bağlı ve toplam yüksekliği
36.6 m’dir.
10. 10
1790- 1800 Yılları
İngiltere’de doğal çimento üretilmeye ve kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.
1796 yılında İngiliz James Parker tarafından “Roma Çimentosu”
veya “Parker’ın Çimentosu” olarak adlandırılan doğal çimento
üretilmiştir. Hammaddesi Londra civarında veya İngiltere’de bulunan
kalker taşlarıdır. O dönemde büyük kanal ve liman yapımlarında
kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca aynı yıl, benzer bir hammadde ile İngiliz James
Frost tarafından da “İngiliz Çimentosu” veya “Frost’un Çimentosu”
olarak adlandırılan çimento üretilmiştir, ancak Roma Çimentosu
kadar popüler olmamıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
11. 11
1800- 1824 Yılları
Fransız Louis Vicat, hidrolik bağlayıcı malzemelerin üretimine önemli
katkılarda bulunmuş, ürettiği hidrolik bağlayıcıyı köprü ve beton
kanallarında kullanmıştır. Hidrolik kirecin, kireç ve puzolan karışımından
elde edilen bağlayıcıların ve doğal çimentonunu su altında
sertleşebilme özelliğini araştırmış, belirli oranda silika, alümina ve
kalsiyum oksitin birleştirilmesiyle sentetik hidrolik bağlayıcı üretmiş ve
bu çalışmalar bugün kullanılmakta olan portland çimentosu üretimine
ışık tutmuştur. Bağlayıcı malzeme ve su karışımından oluşan hamurun
priz süresinin tayini için, günümüzde de kullanılan, bir deney yöntemi
bulmuştur.
12. 12
1824- 1850 Yılları
1824 yılında İngiliz Joseph Aspdin, “portland çimentosu” olarak
adlandırdığı bir çimento üretmiş ve patentini almıştır. 1850 yılında
İngiliz Isaac Charles Johnson, Aspdin tarafından bulunan çimentoya
benzer bir çimento ürettiği için modern portland çimentosunun ilk
üreticisi olarak tanınmıştır. Bunun üzerine İngiltere’de bir çok fabrika
kurulmuştur.
Dünyada ilk çimento fabrikası 1848
yılında İngiltere’de kuruldu.
13. 13
1824- 1850 Yılları
Fransız Jean-Louis Lambot beton içinde ilk defa demir kullanarak
« betonarme kayık» üretmiştir.
1850 yılında ilk beton yol Avusturya’da yapılmıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
14. 14
1850- 1865 Yılları
1850’li yılların başlarında Fransa, Belçika ve Almanya’da “portland
çimentosu” üreten fabrikalar kurulmuştur. Bu yıldan itibaren aynı
zamanda “betonarme malzeme” kullanımı başlamıştır. 1854 yılında
İngiliz William B. Wilkinson 2 katlı ilk betonarme evi yapmıştır. 1859
yılında portland çimentosu İngiltere’de kanalizasyon inşaatinde ilk
defa kullanıldı. 1860’lı yıllarda yüksek fırın cürufu granüle hale
getirilerek kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. 1865 yılında Almanya’da bir
fabrika “öğütülmüş granüle yüksek fırın cürufu ve söndürülmüş kireç”
karışımından oluşan çimento üretmeye başlamıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
15. 15
. 1868 yılında İngiltere’den Amerikaya ilk portlan
çimentosu ihracatı yapılmıştır. 1871 yılında ABD’li
David O. Saylor tarafından ABD’de portland
çimentosu üreten ilk fabrika kurulmuştur. 1887
yılında İngiliz Frederick Ransome tarafından
çimento fabrikalarında kullanılmak üzere ilk “döner
fırın” yapılarak patent alınmıştır. 1890 yılında
çimento üretiminde alçıtaşı kullanılmaya
başlanmıştır. 1892 yılında Almanya’da ve 1896
yılında da ABD’de cüruflu çimento üretimine
başlanmıştır. 1898 yılında bağlayıcı malzemeler
ve beton için temel deney yöntemlerinin
standartlaştırılmasına da başlanılmıştır.
1865- 1900 Yılları
www.betonvecimento.com
16. 16
1865- 1900 Yılları
1885 yılında Earnest L. Ransom beton ve donatı aderansını artırmak için kendi
etrafında bükülmüş kare demir çubuk kullanmıştır.
1887 yılında Fransız Henri Le Chatelier portland çimentosu üretimi içim oksit hesabı
geliştirmiştir. Çimento kimyasını oluşturan temelleri atmıştır.
1889 yılında Gyozo Mihailich tarafından ilk betonarme köprü Macaristan’da yapılmıştır.
Köprü 5 metrelik iki açıklıktan oluşmaktadır.
1890 yılından Amerika’da çimento ve su arasındaki reaksiyonda priz süresini kontrol
edebilmek için klinker ile birlikte alçı beraber öğütülmeye başlanmıştır.
1891 yılıdan Amerika’da Ohio eyaletinde George Bartholomew tarafından ilk
betonarme yol inşaa edilmiştir. Bu yol hala kullanılmaktadır.
1892 yılında Francois Hennebique günümüzde de kullanılan betonarme sisteminin
patentini almıştır. Bu sayede bu tarihten itibaren betonarme yapı inşaati dünya çapında
giderek artmıştır. Beton Arme kelimesini ilk kullanandır.
1897 yılında Amerikan şirketi Sears Holding kayıtlarında çimento ton fiyatı yaklaşık 10
$’dır. İthalat fiyatı ise 17 $’dır.
www.betonvecimento.com
18. 18
1900- 1909 Yılları
Bu yıllar arasında çimento üretimi ve betonarme ev yapımı konusunda
Thomas Alva Edison’un çalışmaları olmuştur. 1908’de kendisine betonarme garaj
yapan Edison, 1909 yılında daha uzun bir döner fırın yaparak çimento
kapasitesinin artmasını sağlamıştır. 1909 yılında 11 adet betonarme ev
yapmış, bu girişim ABD’de toplu konut yapımı için başlangıç olmuştur. 1909’da
da bu yapılara uygun boya imal etmiştir. Hazır beton üretimi ilk kez 1903
yılında Almanya’da başlamış, Jürgen H. Margens bu anlamda patent almıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
19. 19
1900- 1909 Yılları
İlk betonarme gökdelen amerika’da Ohio eyaletinde
yapılan Ingalls Binası’dır. Ransome betonarme tekniği
kullanılmıştır.
Aynı yıl Sidney Limanı’nda ilk prekast beton elemanlar
kullanılmıştır.
1907 yılında J. H. Chubb tarafından ilk kez «görünür
agrega yüzeyli beton» uygulaması yapılmıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
20. 20
1911
Çimento teknolojisi Türkiye'ye 50 yıl
gecikme ile gelmiştir. Türkiye'de ilk
çimento fabrikası 1911 yılında 20,000
ton/yıl kapasite ile İstanbul Darıca'da
kurulmuştur. Cumhuriyetle birlikte
ülkemizde yeni fabrikalar devreye girmiş,
bir taraftan üretim artarken, diğer taraftan
artan çimento talebini karşılamak üzere
ithalat devam etmiştir.
www.betonvecimento.com
21. 21
1911- 1920 Yılları
1911 yılında ilk püskürtme beton uygulamaları yapılmaya başlanmıştır.
1913 yılında ilk beton pompası icat edilmiştir. 1914 yılında ABD’li
Stephen Stepanian hazır betonun transmikser ile taşınmasına dair
çalışmalarına başlamış, tasarladığı transmikseri 1916 yılında beton
endüstrisine sunmuştur. 1918 yılında ABD’li Duff A. Abrams,
“su/çimento oranı kanunu” nu ortaya koymuştur. 1918 yılında ilk
buharlı beton gemi Atlantus inşaa edilmiştir. Aynı yıl ayrıca beton
kıvamının tayininde «çökme deney yöntemi» ilk kez uygulanmıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
22. 22
1920- 1930 Yılları
1928 yılında Fransız Eugene
Freyssinet, yüksek dayanımlı çelik
ve beton kullanarak öngermeli
beton yapımını geliştirmiştir. 1929
yılında İsveçli Axel Eriksson,
yüksek basınçlı buhar kürü
uygulayarak “gaz beton” üretmiştir.
1930 yılında hava sürükleyici katkı
kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.
1926 yılında Ankara’da ikinci çimento
fabrikası kuruldu.
www.betonvecimento.com
23. 23
1930- 1950 Yılları
1930’lu yılların başında termik santrallerde kullanılan pulverize
kömürü yan ürünü olan uçucu külün puzolanik özellikleri
araştırılmış ve 1937 yılında bu malzeme beton yapımında
kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.1930’lu yıllarda yerine yerleştirilen
taze betonun sıkıştırılması işleminde vibrasyon uygulanmasına,
1933 yılında betonun pompa gücü kullanılarak taşınmasına,
1935 yılında da bazı betonların donma- çözülme olaylarında
dayanıklılığının içerisine sürüklenen hava kabarcıklarına bağlı
olduğunun anlaşılmasından sonra beton yapımında hava
sürükleyici malzemelerin kullanıma başlanmıştır. 1948 yılında
Ernst Schmidth “Beton Çekici” adında, beton basınç dayanımının
hasarsız bulunmasını sağlayan bir alet geliştirmiştir.
1930'da Kartal ve Zeytinburnu'nda çimento fabrikaları
kurulmuştur. Devlet ilk çimento fabrikasını 1943 yılında
Sivas'ta açmıştır.
www.betonvecimento.com
24. 24
1950- 1960 Yılları
1950’li yıllarda öğütülmüş granüle yüksek fırın cürufu beton
yapımında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Silis dumanı ilk
kez 1952 yılında bir tünel yapımında, betonda katkı
malzemesi olarak kullanılmıştır. 1957 yılında Türkiye
Çimento Müstahsilleri Birliği kurulmuştur. 1958 yılında
ABD’de genleşen çimento üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir.
1950 yılında kişi başına çimento tüketimi 25 kg. olmuştur. 1950 yılından sonra
23.10.1953'te Türkiye Çimento Sanayii T.A.Ş.'nin (ÇİSAN) kuruluşu ile hızlı bir
gelişme dönemi başlamıştır.
26. 26
1824: Portland Çimentosu, İNGİLTERE
1862: Cüruflu çimento, ALMANYA
1901: Demir portland–1907 den sonra yüksek fırın- çimentosu, ALMANYA
1901: Sulfata dayanıklı çimento, ALMANYA
1912: Erken Yüksek dayanımlı çimento, AVUSTURYA
1912: Ferrari çimentosu (Sulfata dayanıklı çimento), İTALYA
1931: Beyaz çimento, ALMANYA
1955: Derin yapı çimentosu, SOVYETLER BİRLİĞİ
1968: Regulated Set Cement (Jet cement), ABD
1970: Jet cement, JAPONYA
www.betonvecimento.com
27. 27
Diğer ülkelerde ilk portland çimentosu:
1824: İngiltere’de
1840: Fransa’da
1850: Almanya’da
1875: Amerika’da
1889: Avustralya’da
1896: Rusya’da
1902: Yunanistan’da
1911: Türkiye’de
1913: Hindistan’da
1919: Kore’de
1921: Pakistan’da
ilk üretim başladı.
www.betonvecimento.com
28. 28
Türkiye’de:
1906: Beyoğlu/İstanbul’da bulunan Saint Antuan kilisesi Türkiye’deki ilk
betonarme uygulamasıdır. İstanbul doğumlu İtalyan mimar Giulio
MONGERI tarafından yapılmıştır. Dünyanın da ilk betonarme kilisesi olduğu
sanılmaktadır.
1918: Türkiye’nin ilk çok katlı betonarme yapısı Lâleli/İstanbul’daki Crawne
Plaza Otel binasıdır. Mimar Kemalettin (Kemaleddin) Bey’in eseridir. 1918-
1922 arasında inşa edilmiştir, eski adı Tayyare Apartmanları idi. 4 adet olan
bu Apartmanlar aynı zamanda Türkiye’nin ilk toplu konutlarıdır.
1924–1929 yılları arasında inşa edilen, İzmir’in (eski) itfaiye binası şehrin ilk
betonarme yapısıdır.
1925 yılında ilk betonarme köprü Menderes nehri üzerinde inşa edildi .
(?) Malatya belediye binası şehrin ilk betonarme yapısıdır.
1939: Şanlıurfa Kız Meslek Lisesi şehrin ilk betonarme binasıdır.
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