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UNDERSTANDING MILITARY CULTURE

James Mukoyama, Jr., Maj Gen. U.S. Army (Rtd)
President/CEO Military Outreach USA
President/CEO & Founder: Major General (Retired) U.S. Army 1964-1995, Vietnam
combat veteran. Former Securities Industry Executive for 38 years. Promise Keepers
since 1996, Command Religious Program volunteer instructor at the Great Lakes
Naval Recruit Training Center since 2001. Former Chair of the National Advisory
Committee for Minority Veterans, Department of Veterans Affairs. He and his wife
were hospice patient volunteers for six years. Willow Creek Community Church
member since 1995.
Joseph Palmer, U.S. Air Force, Vietnam Veteran
Executive Director Military Outreach USA
Joe has spent more than 30 years in the role of a national sales manager for industrial
and consumer based manufacturers. He is a life member of VFW Post 7539 in
Bloomingdale, IL and has been active in veterans’ affairs for more than 10 years. He
has attained the high honor of being an All American Post Commander and All
American District Commander with the VFW. Most recently he has written Moral
Injury: A Guide for Clergy and Lay Ministries. He has been an active member of
Trinity Lutheran Church and School in Roselle, IL since 1994.
Presenters

Objectives
The objectives of this presentation:
? Understand the components that define military culture
? Understand military cohesion and the warrior code
? Learn some of the affects of multiple deployments and combat
? Learn to engage families in systems of care
? Learn strategies to identify community resources
? Learn strategies to build working alliances with military families
? Learn how Military Outreach USA can be your partner
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A Thought To Remember
“The soldier, above all other people, prays for
peace, for he must suffer and bear the
deepest wounds and scars of war.”
-- General Douglas MacAurthur

A BRIEF HISTORY
Transition from the draft to an all volunteer force

Conflicts with Living Veterans
? World War II (1941-1945)
? Korean War (1950-1953)
? Vietnam (1961-1975)*
? Grenada (1983)
? Panama (1989)
? First Gulf War/Desert Storm (1990-1991)
*Military advisors 1950-1961

Conflicts with Living Veterans
? Somalia (1993)
? Bosnia (1993-1995)
? Kosovo (1998-1999)
? Operation Enduring Freedom/OEF (2001-
? Operation Iraqi Freedom/OIF (2003-2010)
? Operation Inherent Resolve (2014-

The All Volunteer Force (AVF)
? Initiated as result of the draft during Vietnam War
? Men still have to register
– But active draft ended in 1973
? Less than .05% of U.S. population serve
? Less than 7% of population alive that are veterans
? AVF has created a professional military

In Comparison to 1960’s Draft Population
? Average age is older
? Educational backgrounds
– Higher percent college graduates, high
school/GED requirement
? Marital status higher than 1960’s

Some Demographics
? All volunteer force for more than 40 years---
35% decrease since 1993
? 2.2M serving in uniform today vs 15M in WWII
? Racial integration in 1948
? Ethnic diversity highest in the Army
? Specific demographics vary by service
? 15% are women (highest in the USAF at 19%)

Why Men and Women Join?
? Defined in terms of values with both social
and personal significance
? Challenge
? Service/sacrifice
? Education/Training opportunities
? Economic issues—Bonus
? Sense of adventure/escape life situation

Quiz Time
? Increased use increases fatigue and stress
? Increases risk of physical and emotional injury
? Increases the need for support

MILITARY CULTURE
To heal…one needs to understand

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Understanding the
nature of the military
culture, combat and the
stresses of living and
working in a war zone
are critical in dealing
with the military
community

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? Army
? Navy
? Marine Corps
? Air Force
? Coast Guard*
? National Guard
? Reserves
? Auxiliaries

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What do you call them?
o Marine = Marines
o Navy = Sailors
o Army = Soldiers
o Air Force = Airmen/Airwomen
o Coast Guard = Coast Guard - “Coasties” or Guardians
o National Guard = Guardsmen
o Reserve = Reservists

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? Army – active component and two
reserve components
– Army National Guard
– US Army Reserve
? Oldest and largest ground force
? Fairly rigid separation of officers and
enlisted

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? Navy – 2nd largest force
- One reserve component (No Nat’l Guard)
? Two primary types of duty – shore duty
and fleet time
? Junior and Senior enlisted are rigidly
separated, as are officers and enlisted.

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? Marine Corps – active and reserve
component
? Primary mission is to capture/defense
of naval bases.
? Highly competent land force
? Officers and enlisted rigidly separated
for discipline and “C2” purposes

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? Air Force-active component and two
reserve components
– Air National Guard and AF Reserve
? Youngest branch of the military
? In general, a more highly educated
force
? Separation of officers and enlisted can
be less rigid than other branches

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? Coast Guard
- During peacetime, part of Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), charged with
protecting the public and the environment
- Has maritime and customs responsibilities
during wartime
- In declared war becomes part of the Navy

Military Training and Combat
Basic Training Transforms a Civilian Moral Code to a
Warrior Code
– Intense, prolonged, severe reconditioning of
whole person
– Strong, ritual aspects
– Focused group ethos and bonding
? Task and social cohesion
– Emphasizes positive moral codes: honor,
integrity, obedience to authority, courage

Military Training and Combat
Military Training is thorough and prepares people for the
rigors of service in war.
– Survival in war proves value of training
– Failure to properly train has life and death
consequences
– Failure to develop a warrior code can be
devastating to the unit and to the individual

Core Values
? Army: Loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service,
Honor, integrity, personal courage
? Navy and Marine Corps: Honor, courage,
commitment
? Air Force: Integrity, service before self,
excellence, Honor
? Coast Guard: Honor, respect, devotion to duty

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Military Culture
Belief and Value Systems Create unit Cohesion
? Beliefs:
Defenders of Democracy
Trust in the leadership
Role clarity
Distrust of civilians
? Value Systems:
Leave no one behind
“The Unit” practically becomes a ‘family system’
Top & Units Cover-defend and support the boss

Social Cohesion vs Task Cohesion
Social Cohesion
? Living in the barracks
? Going to a bar
? Playing sports
? Going to a concert/game
Task Cohesion
? Training
? Being deployed
? Being on a mission
? Being in a firefight
In either case bonding occurs, but in Task Cohesion the truer, almost
unbreakable bond is formed in seeking to “accomplish the mission”.
In the military, task cohesion can involve life or death decision making.
It is task cohesion that creates the “Band of Brothers”.

MILITARY FAMILY
When one enlists…they all enlist

When One Enlists They All Enlist
? Whether active duty, National Guard or Reserves
– The family comes along

Military Family At-Risk Factors
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1. Frequent Relocation
2. Previous Deployments
3. Longer Separations
4. Larger Families
5. Younger Mothers
6. Blended Families
7. Education
8. Working Outside Home
9. Median Family Income

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Separation Creates Stress
? Resulting from deployments, relocation, or training –
range from a few to many months – disrupts life cycle
transitions.
? Emotional ambiguity
? Child & family ties are broken
? Heightening stress levels are the threat
of death or injury of service member.

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Soldier
Deployment
Separation
Stress –
Depression &
Anxiety
Family Adjustment w/o Soldier
in Home – Out-of-Ordinary
Behaviors
Pre-reunion Stress –
anxiety and worry
about behavior away
Reunion and
homecoming – joy
and anticipation
Revitalize
Relationships and
“honeymoon”
Family readjusts -
Consequences
for behavior
Pre-deployment
Conflict & Previous
Stressor pile-up
Pre-deployment
Stress – anxiety
and concern
The Military Deployment Cycle
… or The Military Family Life Cycle

Stressors-Emotional & Physical
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For Active Component Families
? Permanent Change of Station (PCS)
? Temporary Duty (TDY)
? Deployment
? Foreign Residence
? Risk of Injury and/or death
? Behavioral & Emotional Issues
Additional for Reserve/Guard
Component Families
? “Citizen Soldier”
? Mobilization and Deployment
? Separation from School, Jobs, etc.
? Demobilization

Invisible Wounds of War
? Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
– Must be diagnosed
? Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
– Concussion
? Moral Injury
– A violation of one’s moral/warrior code

Why is this war different?
? Volunteer vs draft
? Multiple deployments
? Type of suicide bombings
? Never any safety, no real recovery time
? Use of civilians as shields and decoys by the enemy
? Deliberately targeting our moral code
? COMMUNICATION! Internet, cell phones, etc.
? IEDs, RPGs (TBI, hearing loss, neuro-chemical effects)
? Advancement in medical treatments
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MILITARY OUTREACH USA CAN HELP
Programs you can use

Mission
? Establish Military Caring Houses of
Worship and Organizations in every
community in the nation
? Provide resources and materials to serve
the military community
? All at no charge
Military Outreach USA

What is the Military Caring Network?
The Military Caring Network are Military Caring
Houses of Worship and Organizations committed to
serve those in our Military Community.

Why is the Network Needed?
A New Paradigm
? Despite their best intentions the DOD and VA are overwhelmed
? Less that 50% of veterans access services of the VA - particularly
concerning “mental health” issues
? Private sector partners (non-profits and for-profits) can provide
important and more services to the military community
? A key is that personalized care for our veteran warriors includes
the VA and community partners working together

Military Community
? Veterans
? Active Military
Personnel
? National Guard
? Reserves
? Military Families
A Bridge to Resources
Resources:
? VA
? VSO
? County
Commissions
? Programs

Just Reach One Program
Highlights
? Resources to recognize and
deal with moral/spiritual injury
? Used by any of your existing
ministries, such as Marriage,
Family, Substance Abuse,
Seniors, Outreach and more,
so
? No need to create a separate
Military Ministry
? Everything within the program
is provided FREE of charge
Resources
? Insight into Military Culture
? The Department of Veteran Affairs
? PTS-PTSD-TBI-MST-Moral Injury
? Suicide
? After Suicide
? Publications
? E-Newsletter

COMMUNITY RESOURCES
Learn about your community resources

Community Covenant
? Accessing Benefits
? Criminal Justice
? Education
? Employment
? Families
? Health Care
? Housing
? Mental Health and Addiction
? Suicide Prevention
? Women’s Services

Community Resources
? Bring agencies/organizations together to discuss
what they do and who they can serve
? Discover gaps/needs in services to veterans
? Develop a “go-to-provider” in each agency: one
trained who functions as trainer for others

Objectives Review
The objectives of this presentation:
? Understand the components that define military culture
? Understand military cohesion and the warrior code
? Learn some of the affects of multiple deployments and combat
? Learn to engage families in systems of care
? Learn strategies to identify community resources
? Learn strategies to build working alliances with military families
? Learn how Military Outreach USA can be your partner
45

Resources
? Webinar will be available on
www.militaryoutreachusa.org within 24 hours
? Links and resources on web site
? For more information visit web site or
email: info@militaryoutreachusa.org

Next Webinar-March 18, 2015
? PTSD and Moral Injury
Registration begins March 8, 2015

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Military Outreach USA Military Culture Webinar

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