Mind map
Download as DOCX, PDF1 like2,815 views
The document discusses key concepts related to DNA including variation, recombination, the four nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine), pentose sugar phosphate structure, circular DNA structure in prokaryotes, plasmids, mitochondria and chloroplasts versus linear DNA structure in eukaryotic nuclei, as well as mutation, transcription, translation, replication, proteins, change and evolution.
1 of 1
Download to read offline
Recommended
Genetic code
Genetic codeArcha Dave
油
The document discusses the genetic code and the wobble hypothesis. It notes that the genetic code uses triplets of bases to code for amino acids, with 61 codons specifying amino acids and 3 being stop codons. It explains that the wobble hypothesis proposes that the third base of the codon pairs non-specifically with the anticodon through wobble pairing, allowing multiple codons to code for the same amino acid. This wobble pairing allows inosine, the fifth base found in tRNAs, to pair with multiple bases and increases the efficiency of translation.Genetic code
Genetic codeSHALINIBARA
油
The genetic code is composed of triplets of nucleotide bases that correspond to specific amino acids. There are 64 possible codon combinations from sequences of the 4 nucleotide bases, with 61 coding for 20 amino acids and 3 serving as stop codons. The genetic code is universal across all living organisms, specifying the same amino acids for each codon. It is read in sets of 3 bases moving in the 5' to 3' direction on mRNA, and mutations in the code can result in silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift changes to the specified protein.Genetic code
Genetic codeLheanne Tesoro
油
1) There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA transfers amino acids during protein synthesis, and rRNA makes up the ribosomes.
2) Transcription copies one DNA strand into mRNA which moves to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNAs match their anticodons to mRNA codons and add the corresponding amino acids.
3) Mutations in DNA can lead to production of defective proteins through altered mRNA and incorrect amino acid sequences, resulting in genetic diseases.Differential Gene Expression in Lead-exposed Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Differential Gene Expression in Lead-exposed Saccharomyces cerevisiaeprekshabhagchandani
油
This document summarizes a student's research project analyzing differential gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to varying concentrations of lead. The student examines 10 genes associated with lead exposure and neurological processes in humans. Results show that heat shock proteins HSP10 and DED81 are upregulated with lead exposure, except at very high concentrations that decrease cell viability. Differential expression in yeast models similar responses in human genomes, helping elucidate molecular mechanisms of neurotoxic effects of lead. Further research with more genes and lower lead concentrations may provide additional insights.Genetic code
Genetic codePearlie Joy Fajanil
油
1. The genetic code is deciphered through research that matched codons (three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA) to their corresponding amino acids. It was discovered that 61 codons code for specific amino acids while 3 are stop codons.
2. tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and have anticodons that are complementary to mRNA codons, allowing the correct amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide chain via the ribosome.
3. Translation is the process of protein synthesis, directed by the mRNA template, where tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to codon-anticodon base pairing. The amino acids are linked together through the joining of peptide bonds.SFN-2013
SFN-2013Ganesh A
油
The document summarizes a study that investigated DNA methylation patterns of BDNF transcripts during classical conditioning in pond turtles. The study found that exon II methylation increased and exon III methylation decreased after conditioning, corresponding to reduced exon II expression and enhanced exon III expression. Infusion of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor altered the normal conditioning-related methylation patterns of exons II and III, and also interfered with the typical exon expression changes seen with conditioning. The results indicate that rapid DNA methylation changes play a role in regulating BDNF transcript expression during classical conditioning.Flu, the regulatory protein of chlorophyll biosynthesis
Flu, the regulatory protein of chlorophyll biosynthesisaudriusa
油
In Arabidopsis thaliana, we have found a negative regulator of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, FLU, which operates independently of heme and seems to selectively affect only the Mg2 branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. The identity of this protein was established by map-based cloning and sequencing the FLU gene. FLU is a nuclear-encoded plastid protein that, after import and processing, becomes tightly associated with plastid membranes. It is unrelated to any of the enzymes known to be involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis.Gene silencing techniques for crop improvement
Gene silencing techniques for crop improvementJhilickBanerjee
油
Gene silencing油is a technique that aims to reduce or eliminate the production of a油protein油from its corresponding油gene. Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell.
Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation.
Gene silencing is often considered as Gene knockdown i.e their expression is reduced. In contrast , when genes are knocked out they are completely erased from the organisms genome and thus have no expression.
Methods used to silence genes include RNAi, CRISPR or siRNA, these reduce the expression of the gene by 70% but do not completely eliminate it.
Replicacion de ADN
Replicacion de ADNXochitl Romero Frias
油
The document discusses DNA replication. It describes how DNA replication is semiconservative, with each parental DNA strand serving as a template to produce two new double-stranded DNA molecules. The key steps involve helicase unwinding the DNA, topoisomerase managing supercoils, single-stranded binding proteins coating the exposed strands, primase synthesizing RNA primers, and DNA polymerase extending the primers to replicate the new strands.Lecture 2 final sols 2019
Lecture 2 final sols 2019SourabhKumar240
油
The document provides an overview of DNA replication through several key experiments and findings:
1. The Meselson-Stahl experiment in 1958 supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication proposed by Watson and Crick. They found that E. coli DNA replicated semiconservatively after growing bacteria in media containing different nitrogen isotopes.
2. DNA replication requires unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, stabilization by SSB proteins, and relaxation of supercoiling by topoisomerase.
3. RNA primers are added by primase and extended by DNA polymerase, which can only extend from a 3' OH group. Replication is continuous on the leading strand but discontinuous via OkDNA Polymerases and cancer
DNA Polymerases and cancerAIIMS
油
DNA polymerases play an important role in DNA replication and repair. There are 15 known DNA polymerases that fall into different families based on their structure and function. The main DNA polymerases involved in chromosomal replication are polymerases 留, 隆, 竜 and 粒. Errors during DNA replication and repair can lead to mutations, some of which may cause cancer. DNA damage is repaired through several pathways including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double strand break repair. Specialized translesion polymerases like pol 侶, 虜, and 龍 are involved in translesion synthesis to tolerate DNA damage. Overexpression of some error-prone polymerases has been associated with increased mutationsPolymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain ReactionGaneshSomani1
油
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA through repeated cycles of heating and cooling. It requires a DNA template, primers, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and magnesium chloride. The process involves denaturation of the DNA strands, annealing of primers to the complementary sequences, and extension of the primers by DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands. PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA for forensic analysis or isolate a known gene from a genome. However, it is limited to amplifying up to 5kb of known DNA sequences.Sigma xi
Sigma xiprekshabhagchandani
油
This study analyzed differential gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae when exposed to varying concentrations of lead. The purpose was to use yeast as a model organism to study the molecular mechanisms behind the neurological effects of lead exposure in humans. Specifically, the expression of 10 genes expected to be affected by lead exposure based on human studies was analyzed. The results showed that two genes, HSP10 and DED81, were upregulated as the lead concentration increased, as expected based on their human homologs. However, DED81 expression decreased at the highest lead concentration, possibly due to toxicity effects on cell viability. Further testing is needed to better understand gene expression changes at different lead concentrations.The role of DNA methylation in mediating the effects of estrogens in oysters
The role of DNA methylation in mediating the effects of estrogens in oystersmgavery
油
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 17留 ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen, on DNA methylation patterns in oysters. The study found that while EE2 treatment did not affect sex ratios in oysters, it did lead to larger female oysters. Additionally, differentially methylated regions were identified within genes related to growth, immunity, and reproduction after one week of EE2 exposure. The results suggest that DNA methylation may mediate responses to endocrine disrupting chemicals in bivalves and could provide early indicators of chemical exposure in aquatic species.BIOL302L Poster(1)
BIOL302L Poster(1)Mintong Nan
油
This experiment aimed to determine the relative size of the arabinose operon in E. coli MC4100 using MuD1 lysogeny. MuD1 contains the bla gene conferring ampicillin resistance. The frequency of ampicillin resistance (AmpR) was compared to the frequency of arabinose resistance (AraR) after infecting E. coli MC4100 with MuD1. The ratio of AraR to AmpR lysogens was 1:161, indicating the arabinose operon accounts for 0.62% of the genome or approximately 644 total genes in E. coli MC4100. However, the authors express doubt in these conclusions and state the experiment needs to be repeated to ensureGene expression
Gene expressionNepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital
油
The document discusses various mechanisms of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, gene expression often occurs in operons, clusters of genes that are regulated as a single unit. A key example is the lactose operon in E. coli, which codes for proteins involved in lactose metabolism. In eukaryotes, gene expression can be regulated at multiple stages including transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Regulatory mechanisms include transcription factors, histone modification, and alternative splicing of mRNA.P uc vectors
P uc vectorsVidya Kalaivani Rajkumar
油
pUC vectors are plasmids derived from pBR322 that have a higher copy number of 500-600 copies per cell. They contain an ampicillin resistance gene for selection, as well as the lacZ' gene containing multiple cloning sites. When a gene of interest is inserted, it disrupts the lacZ' gene, allowing for blue-white screening on media containing IPTG and X-gal to identify recombinant colonies that appear white instead of blue. pUC vectors offer advantages over pBR322 such as high copy number and easy selection, though they cannot accommodate inserts larger than 15kb.Ryzakovas_BS984_Poster
Ryzakovas_BS984_PosterIgnas Ryzakovas
油
This study aimed to determine the functional monooxygenases involved in n-alkane degradation by Thalassolituus oleivorans. The researcher quantified growth on different n-alkane substrates, analyzed differential gene expression of putative monooxygenases using RT-qPCR, and quantified hydrocarbon degradation using GC/MS. The RT-qPCR results showed expression of selected genes on all substrates, indicating they are likely not alkane 1-monooxygenases involved in the initial degradation step. However, one gene, amlA, may degrade lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. Additionally, novel cytochrome P450 genes were identified. Overall, the study investigated the genetic basis of n-alkane degradation in TRole of dna polymerase delta
Role of dna polymerase deltaBudha Ratna RAV
油
Evidence that DNA polymerase 隆 contributes to initiating leading strand DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Na hybridization
Na hybridizationAtul Pharate
油
This document discusses various methods for classifying and identifying microorganisms, including serology techniques like slide agglutination and ELISA that combine antiserum with unknown bacteria, Western blot, and phage typing. It also covers genetic methods such as analyzing DNA base composition, DNA fingerprinting using restriction enzymes, rRNA sequencing, PCR, nucleic acid hybridization using DNA probes and chips, and phylogenetic techniques like dichotomous keys, cladograms, and analyzing differences in electrical conductivity and fluorescence between species.Bio.flipbook
Bio.flipbookpunxsyscience
油
1) The document depicts the process of transcription and translation.
2) It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then the mRNA exiting into the cytoplasm.
3) The mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where tRNAs bring amino acids to form a protein based on the mRNA sequence.pET vectors
pET vectorsKaberi Nath
油
The document discusses the pET plasmid expression system used for recombinant protein expression in E. coli. It notes that the pET system uses strong T7 promoters to drive high expression of cloned genes, but this could be toxic to host cells. The pET plasmid contains the gene for T7 RNA polymerase under control of the lac promoter and lac repressor. In the presence of IPTG, T7 RNA polymerase is expressed and binds the T7 promoter on the plasmid to transcribe the cloned gene. This allows for tightly regulated, high-level expression of recombinant proteins without overloading the host cell.Seminario Biologia Molecular 
Seminario Biologia Molecular camilaaceros
油
Rv1075c is a conserved hypothetical protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that shares similarities to bacterial lipases and esterases. A study identified that Rv1075c has esterase activity, preferring short-chain fatty acids like acetate. Mutation of Rv1075c led to reduced bacterial growth in macrophages and mice. The study exposed M. tuberculosis strains expressing wild-type or mutated Rv1075c to stress conditions and infected macrophages and mice to determine Rv1075c expression and effects on infection. Results demonstrated Rv1075c induction during low pH stress and its role in M. tuberculosis survival and virulence through fatty acid hydrolysis.Wobble hypothesis AND new genetic code
Wobble hypothesis AND new genetic codegohil sanjay bhagvanji
油
The document discusses the wobble hypothesis and variations in genetic codes. It summarizes the wobble hypothesis proposed by Crick to explain the degeneracy of the genetic code through wobble base pairing between the third base of codons and first base of anticodons. This allows some tRNAs to bind to multiple codons. The document also discusses variations found in mitochondrial and ciliate protozoan genetic codes, where certain codons code for different amino acids than the standard genetic code or act as sense codons rather than stop codons.ZRANB2
ZRANB2rpg7ss
油
ZRANB2 is a protein that may function as a transcriptional regulator. Splicing is a ubiquitous process in eukaryotes where approximately 70% of human genes are alternatively spliced. Aberrant splicing can cause genetic diseases. Splicing is directed by consensus sequences and splicing factors like SR proteins.Hw1 Gen320fall07revised
Hw1 Gen320fall07revisedariddlegirl
油
This summarizes a genetics homework assignment involving:
1) Drawing the structure of hydrogen-bonded DNA strands showing C-G and G-C base pairs.
2) Identifying which of two mutations would have a greater impact on gene function.
3) Analyzing a gene with three domains involved in two functions, and mutations within it.
4) Predicting effects of mutations in a gene regulated by p53 on transcript and protein production.
5) Briefly explaining how a gene family can arise from two similar genes.
6) Discussing how abundant ATP relates to the presence of introns in eukaryotic genes.Paul Taylor 
Paul Taylor Alzforum
油
Presentation made by Dr. Paul Taylor on October 30, 2015 at the Alzforum-hosted live webinar titled "Fluid Business: Could Liquid Protein Herald Neurodegeneration?"
More information and the recording of the session available at http://www.alzforum.org/webinars/fluid-business-could-liquid-protein-herald-neurodegenerationEfruzhu cancer 10
Efruzhu cancer 10PH聴LOSOPHER EFRUZHU PHRMP
油
This document discusses the theory of cancer carcinogenesis and histone proteins/chromatin remodeling. It states that normal DNA histone modifications decrease, preventing suitable transcription expression due to inadequate energy levels and unsuccessful chromatin remodeling. With mitochondrial/aerobic glycolysis inhibition or very low energy generation, anaerobic glycolysis produces very low ATP, so mutations allow histone modification increasing and transcription expression.STAGES OF MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP
STAGES OF MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIPAsha Gopalakrishna
油
The document discusses three stages of cell division in onion root tips: metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Metaphase involves the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Telophase concludes cell division as the daughter nuclei and cells fully form.Class 12 bio chapter 2 ppt by asha gopalakrishna
Class 12 bio chapter 2 ppt by asha gopalakrishnaAsha Gopalakrishna
油
This document discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the structures and processes of microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, which produce microspores and megaspores through meiosis. The microspores develop into pollen grains, and the megaspore develops into the embryo sac. Fertilization occurs when a pollen tube delivers sperm to the embryo sac, resulting in the fusion of gametes and formation of a zygote. The document contrasts the differences between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, and discusses self-incompatibility and techniques like emasculation and bagging used to facilitate controlled pollination.More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Replicacion de ADN
Replicacion de ADNXochitl Romero Frias
油
The document discusses DNA replication. It describes how DNA replication is semiconservative, with each parental DNA strand serving as a template to produce two new double-stranded DNA molecules. The key steps involve helicase unwinding the DNA, topoisomerase managing supercoils, single-stranded binding proteins coating the exposed strands, primase synthesizing RNA primers, and DNA polymerase extending the primers to replicate the new strands.Lecture 2 final sols 2019
Lecture 2 final sols 2019SourabhKumar240
油
The document provides an overview of DNA replication through several key experiments and findings:
1. The Meselson-Stahl experiment in 1958 supported the semiconservative model of DNA replication proposed by Watson and Crick. They found that E. coli DNA replicated semiconservatively after growing bacteria in media containing different nitrogen isotopes.
2. DNA replication requires unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, stabilization by SSB proteins, and relaxation of supercoiling by topoisomerase.
3. RNA primers are added by primase and extended by DNA polymerase, which can only extend from a 3' OH group. Replication is continuous on the leading strand but discontinuous via OkDNA Polymerases and cancer
DNA Polymerases and cancerAIIMS
油
DNA polymerases play an important role in DNA replication and repair. There are 15 known DNA polymerases that fall into different families based on their structure and function. The main DNA polymerases involved in chromosomal replication are polymerases 留, 隆, 竜 and 粒. Errors during DNA replication and repair can lead to mutations, some of which may cause cancer. DNA damage is repaired through several pathways including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and double strand break repair. Specialized translesion polymerases like pol 侶, 虜, and 龍 are involved in translesion synthesis to tolerate DNA damage. Overexpression of some error-prone polymerases has been associated with increased mutationsPolymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain ReactionGaneshSomani1
油
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA through repeated cycles of heating and cooling. It requires a DNA template, primers, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and magnesium chloride. The process involves denaturation of the DNA strands, annealing of primers to the complementary sequences, and extension of the primers by DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands. PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA for forensic analysis or isolate a known gene from a genome. However, it is limited to amplifying up to 5kb of known DNA sequences.Sigma xi
Sigma xiprekshabhagchandani
油
This study analyzed differential gene expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae when exposed to varying concentrations of lead. The purpose was to use yeast as a model organism to study the molecular mechanisms behind the neurological effects of lead exposure in humans. Specifically, the expression of 10 genes expected to be affected by lead exposure based on human studies was analyzed. The results showed that two genes, HSP10 and DED81, were upregulated as the lead concentration increased, as expected based on their human homologs. However, DED81 expression decreased at the highest lead concentration, possibly due to toxicity effects on cell viability. Further testing is needed to better understand gene expression changes at different lead concentrations.The role of DNA methylation in mediating the effects of estrogens in oysters
The role of DNA methylation in mediating the effects of estrogens in oystersmgavery
油
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of 17留 ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen, on DNA methylation patterns in oysters. The study found that while EE2 treatment did not affect sex ratios in oysters, it did lead to larger female oysters. Additionally, differentially methylated regions were identified within genes related to growth, immunity, and reproduction after one week of EE2 exposure. The results suggest that DNA methylation may mediate responses to endocrine disrupting chemicals in bivalves and could provide early indicators of chemical exposure in aquatic species.BIOL302L Poster(1)
BIOL302L Poster(1)Mintong Nan
油
This experiment aimed to determine the relative size of the arabinose operon in E. coli MC4100 using MuD1 lysogeny. MuD1 contains the bla gene conferring ampicillin resistance. The frequency of ampicillin resistance (AmpR) was compared to the frequency of arabinose resistance (AraR) after infecting E. coli MC4100 with MuD1. The ratio of AraR to AmpR lysogens was 1:161, indicating the arabinose operon accounts for 0.62% of the genome or approximately 644 total genes in E. coli MC4100. However, the authors express doubt in these conclusions and state the experiment needs to be repeated to ensureGene expression
Gene expressionNepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital
油
The document discusses various mechanisms of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, gene expression often occurs in operons, clusters of genes that are regulated as a single unit. A key example is the lactose operon in E. coli, which codes for proteins involved in lactose metabolism. In eukaryotes, gene expression can be regulated at multiple stages including transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Regulatory mechanisms include transcription factors, histone modification, and alternative splicing of mRNA.P uc vectors
P uc vectorsVidya Kalaivani Rajkumar
油
pUC vectors are plasmids derived from pBR322 that have a higher copy number of 500-600 copies per cell. They contain an ampicillin resistance gene for selection, as well as the lacZ' gene containing multiple cloning sites. When a gene of interest is inserted, it disrupts the lacZ' gene, allowing for blue-white screening on media containing IPTG and X-gal to identify recombinant colonies that appear white instead of blue. pUC vectors offer advantages over pBR322 such as high copy number and easy selection, though they cannot accommodate inserts larger than 15kb.Ryzakovas_BS984_Poster
Ryzakovas_BS984_PosterIgnas Ryzakovas
油
This study aimed to determine the functional monooxygenases involved in n-alkane degradation by Thalassolituus oleivorans. The researcher quantified growth on different n-alkane substrates, analyzed differential gene expression of putative monooxygenases using RT-qPCR, and quantified hydrocarbon degradation using GC/MS. The RT-qPCR results showed expression of selected genes on all substrates, indicating they are likely not alkane 1-monooxygenases involved in the initial degradation step. However, one gene, amlA, may degrade lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. Additionally, novel cytochrome P450 genes were identified. Overall, the study investigated the genetic basis of n-alkane degradation in TRole of dna polymerase delta
Role of dna polymerase deltaBudha Ratna RAV
油
Evidence that DNA polymerase 隆 contributes to initiating leading strand DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Na hybridization
Na hybridizationAtul Pharate
油
This document discusses various methods for classifying and identifying microorganisms, including serology techniques like slide agglutination and ELISA that combine antiserum with unknown bacteria, Western blot, and phage typing. It also covers genetic methods such as analyzing DNA base composition, DNA fingerprinting using restriction enzymes, rRNA sequencing, PCR, nucleic acid hybridization using DNA probes and chips, and phylogenetic techniques like dichotomous keys, cladograms, and analyzing differences in electrical conductivity and fluorescence between species.Bio.flipbook
Bio.flipbookpunxsyscience
油
1) The document depicts the process of transcription and translation.
2) It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then the mRNA exiting into the cytoplasm.
3) The mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where tRNAs bring amino acids to form a protein based on the mRNA sequence.pET vectors
pET vectorsKaberi Nath
油
The document discusses the pET plasmid expression system used for recombinant protein expression in E. coli. It notes that the pET system uses strong T7 promoters to drive high expression of cloned genes, but this could be toxic to host cells. The pET plasmid contains the gene for T7 RNA polymerase under control of the lac promoter and lac repressor. In the presence of IPTG, T7 RNA polymerase is expressed and binds the T7 promoter on the plasmid to transcribe the cloned gene. This allows for tightly regulated, high-level expression of recombinant proteins without overloading the host cell.Seminario Biologia Molecular
Seminario Biologia Molecular camilaaceros
油
Rv1075c is a conserved hypothetical protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that shares similarities to bacterial lipases and esterases. A study identified that Rv1075c has esterase activity, preferring short-chain fatty acids like acetate. Mutation of Rv1075c led to reduced bacterial growth in macrophages and mice. The study exposed M. tuberculosis strains expressing wild-type or mutated Rv1075c to stress conditions and infected macrophages and mice to determine Rv1075c expression and effects on infection. Results demonstrated Rv1075c induction during low pH stress and its role in M. tuberculosis survival and virulence through fatty acid hydrolysis.Wobble hypothesis AND new genetic code
Wobble hypothesis AND new genetic codegohil sanjay bhagvanji
油
The document discusses the wobble hypothesis and variations in genetic codes. It summarizes the wobble hypothesis proposed by Crick to explain the degeneracy of the genetic code through wobble base pairing between the third base of codons and first base of anticodons. This allows some tRNAs to bind to multiple codons. The document also discusses variations found in mitochondrial and ciliate protozoan genetic codes, where certain codons code for different amino acids than the standard genetic code or act as sense codons rather than stop codons.ZRANB2
ZRANB2rpg7ss
油
ZRANB2 is a protein that may function as a transcriptional regulator. Splicing is a ubiquitous process in eukaryotes where approximately 70% of human genes are alternatively spliced. Aberrant splicing can cause genetic diseases. Splicing is directed by consensus sequences and splicing factors like SR proteins.Hw1 Gen320fall07revised
Hw1 Gen320fall07revisedariddlegirl
油
This summarizes a genetics homework assignment involving:
1) Drawing the structure of hydrogen-bonded DNA strands showing C-G and G-C base pairs.
2) Identifying which of two mutations would have a greater impact on gene function.
3) Analyzing a gene with three domains involved in two functions, and mutations within it.
4) Predicting effects of mutations in a gene regulated by p53 on transcript and protein production.
5) Briefly explaining how a gene family can arise from two similar genes.
6) Discussing how abundant ATP relates to the presence of introns in eukaryotic genes.Paul Taylor
Paul Taylor Alzforum
油
Presentation made by Dr. Paul Taylor on October 30, 2015 at the Alzforum-hosted live webinar titled "Fluid Business: Could Liquid Protein Herald Neurodegeneration?"
More information and the recording of the session available at http://www.alzforum.org/webinars/fluid-business-could-liquid-protein-herald-neurodegenerationEfruzhu cancer 10
Efruzhu cancer 10PH聴LOSOPHER EFRUZHU PHRMP
油
This document discusses the theory of cancer carcinogenesis and histone proteins/chromatin remodeling. It states that normal DNA histone modifications decrease, preventing suitable transcription expression due to inadequate energy levels and unsuccessful chromatin remodeling. With mitochondrial/aerobic glycolysis inhibition or very low energy generation, anaerobic glycolysis produces very low ATP, so mutations allow histone modification increasing and transcription expression.More from Asha Gopalakrishna (8)
STAGES OF MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP
STAGES OF MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIPAsha Gopalakrishna
油
The document discusses three stages of cell division in onion root tips: metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Metaphase involves the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell. Anaphase is when the paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. Telophase concludes cell division as the daughter nuclei and cells fully form.Class 12 bio chapter 2 ppt by asha gopalakrishna
Class 12 bio chapter 2 ppt by asha gopalakrishnaAsha Gopalakrishna
油
This document discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants. It describes the structures and processes of microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, which produce microspores and megaspores through meiosis. The microspores develop into pollen grains, and the megaspore develops into the embryo sac. Fertilization occurs when a pollen tube delivers sperm to the embryo sac, resulting in the fusion of gametes and formation of a zygote. The document contrasts the differences between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, and discusses self-incompatibility and techniques like emasculation and bagging used to facilitate controlled pollination.Cbse class 12 mitosis onion root tip
Cbse class 12 mitosis onion root tipAsha Gopalakrishna
油
The document describes the stages of cell division: metaphase where chromosomes align at the center of the cell, anaphase where the chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, and telophase where the cell divides into two daughter cells.Cbse class 11 biology labelled slides
Cbse class 11 biology labelled slidesAsha Gopalakrishna
油
This document discusses the anatomy and tissues of plant structures. It mentions amoebas, pseudopodia, nuclei, food vacuoles, spirogyra, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, smooth muscle, striated muscle, cardiac muscle, anatomy of dicot and monocot roots, stems, and leaves, including trichomes, phloem, xylem, vascular bundles, motor cells, scattered vascular bundles, metaxylem, lysigenous cavity, ground tissue, hypodermal collenchyma, protoxylem, and pith.
Mounting of stomata Photographs taken by me of the slide prepared in the lab
Mounting of stomata Photographs taken by me of the slide prepared in the labAsha Gopalakrishna
油
The document discusses three plant anatomy terms: trichome, stomata, and mounting of stomata using the lower epidermis of Catheranthus roseus. It appears to be about examining stomata on the lower surface of the leaves of the plant Catheranthus roseus under a microscope.Plasmolysis
PlasmolysisAsha Gopalakrishna
油
The epidermal cells of an onion peel were observed before and after plasmolysis. After plasmolysis, the protoplasm shrank away from the cell wall. The cell wall prevented the cell from bursting due to the shrinkage of the protoplasm during plasmolysis.photographs of CBSE class 12 biology slides labelled
photographs of CBSE class 12 biology slides labelledAsha Gopalakrishna
油
This document contains descriptions and diagrams of stages of the human cell cycle and meiosis. It discusses structures in the human ovary including the corpus luteum, Graafian follicle, and secondary follicle. It also discusses structures in the human testis including the seminiferous tubule, sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and interstitial cells. The document further describes the stages of meiosis I including leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. It also briefly mentions meiosis II and the parasites Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium.Mind map
- 1. DNA VARIATION RECOMBINA TION ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE PENT OSE SUG AR PHOSP HATE CIRCULAR DNA OF PROKARYOTES , PLASMIDS, MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLAST DNA MUTATION RNA TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION CHANGE EVOLUTION PROTEINS REPLICATION B LINEAR DNA OF EUKARYOTIC NUCLEUS