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MobileHCI 2016 - Technology Literacy in Poor Infrastructure Environments: Characterizing Wayfinding Strategies in Lebanon

Abdallah El Ali
Abdallah El Ali

MobileHCI'16 full paper talk I gave during the 'Wayfinding' session. Full paper (ACM DL): http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2935352

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Technology Literacy in Poor Infrastructure Environments Characterizing Way鍖nding Strategies in Lebanon Abdallah El Ali Khaled Bachour Wilko Heuten Susanne Boll MobileHCI 2016, 7th Sept - Florence, Italy
GlobalWebIndex 2013 Most globally used app in 2013 2
3 195 countries (2016 United Nations estimate)
4 CC BY-SA 4.0 154 are still considered developing
CC BY-SA 4.0 Such mobile navigation & mapping technology has not speci鍖cally been designed for those 154 countries, making up 79% for our world countries 5
6 Human Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D)?
7 Qualitative exploratory 鍖eldwork for technology practices in infrastructure-poor settings (Ahmed et al., 2015; Wyche, 2015; Jensen et al., 2012) Introducing new tools in such communities (Medhi-Thies, 2015) Quantitatively assessing knowledge sharing in location-based social Q&A (Park et al., 2014)
8 What about so-called independent users? jeshoots.com
jeshoots.com (Oreglia et al., 2011) typically younger people can use mobile phones and/or computers without constant help from outsiders can learn new tasks and functions by themselves or from peers 9 What about so-called independent users?
jeshoots.com Little research has paid attention to how technology literate individuals that live in a poor infrastructure environment use technology aids in general, and digital navigation aids in particular 10
11
12 ~ 5.8 M population ~ 1 M Syrian refugees 10,452 km2 ~ 87% live in cities ~ 75% use internet
13 israelmatzav.blogspot.com 1975-1990 Civil War
14 http://speak2all.wordpress.com Daily Electricity Cuts
15 Poor Infrastructure executive-magazine.com
16 Poor Traf鍖c Control
17 Poor Visibility plutino.net
18 Multi-lingual Nikki Villagomez
19 Service / 愕惘愕 2famous.TV
20 Geomapping Lebanon is not hard Crowdsourced mapping efforts are low People do not rely on mapping services People distrust mapping services People often rely on people Observations J.Hassoun
21
22
23 What kinds of navigation and addressing problems are currently faced in Lebanon? What strategies do technology literate individuals living there employ to overcome them? 1. 2.
24 Information access and navigation strategies for 鍖nding unfamiliar POIs Flickr: zoghal
25 Strategies for giving directions to an address Source: leong
26 Characterization WeAreJuxt
27 Survey 6 themes Interviews
28 Part 1: Interviews Flickr: Iwan Gabovitch
29 P1 29 yrs Software Developer 26 yrs LB P2 33 yrs Graphic Designer 12 yrs LB P3 33 yrs Assist. Prof. 8 yrs LB P6 22 yrs Graduate Student 21 yrs LB P8 27 yrs Web Designer 27 yrs LB P9 25 yrs Media Editor 25 yrs LB P12 22 yrs Exercise Instructor 22 yrs LB P4 20 yrs Undergrad Student 1 yr LB P5 22 yrs Writer / Musician 21 yrs LB P7 35 yrs HR Director 34 yrs LB P10 18 yrs Architect 18 yrs LB P11 22 yrs Teacher 22 yrs LB Part 1: 12 participants CC license: Madebyoliver
30 1. Finding an unfamiliar POI before trip: information needs for 鍖nding where an unfamiliar POI is during trip: information search strategies Part 1: Scenarios
31 2. Giving route directions give directions to their house previous dif鍖culties (if any) route directions they expect Part 1: Scenarios
32 Part 2: Survey
33 Homogenous sampling (forums, print outs, social networks) Required: a) Live in Lebanon b) Used mapping services (Google Maps) c) Used messaging (WhatsApp) 3 x 50$ e-gift cards Part 2: Procedure
34 56 29 85 total >1 yr in Lebanon 17-74 years old (M = 27) 91% Lebanese Part 2: Respondents CC license: Madebyoliver 64% use maps once a week and messaging apps daily 67% own car or motorcycle 54% walk 40% take a service
35 1. Multi-faceted Information Access Strategies Wikipedia: Tony Webster
36 Search in digital maps (e.g., Google, Bing, Apple)68% Before the Trip 38% Web search query (e.g., Google) 39% Go to website of the place 40% Call a friend or family member 44% Find out if there are popular landmarks nearby
37 Id start by asking my friends, and then Id google map it. [if not on google maps?] Then Id google its name and check online if theres an indication of what the address is.
38 Use digital maps (Google / Bing / Apple Maps)66% During the Trip 21% Make use of street signs 40% Get in taxi / service and rely on driver to know address 65% Get to general area and ask people there
39 I would ask the people around me on the street. I keep asking until I 鍖nd out, someone must know.
40 2. Technological Reliability thenextweb.com
41 Outdated information on the map54% Problems with Digital Maps 66% Incorrect position marker on map 53% Incorrect / missing places on map 39% Incorrect route plan
42 Maps [Google Maps] are not very well populated with information, and then it turns into basic map reading, and not just on the go.
43 When asked whether they experienced problems when using mapping services before, respondent responses were divided (Md = 4, IQR = 3-5)
44 Respondents' reported experienced dif鍖culties with mapping services and whether they used mapping services once a week or several times a week was signi鍖cant (p < 0.01, FET13)
45 3. Multi-faceted Direction Giving Strategies theredlist.com
46 Pin [Google Maps] accompanied by general description. So you get to the general area, pin will get you there. There will be a blue building, and right behind it is a blue dumpster, and if you see, you can actually pass through there. So yes, I feel its a combination of pin plus directions, thats the way to go in this country
47 When this happened, I made a drawing. Exactly because its easier to know the main roads, and direction of the streets
48 facebook.com
49 When asked whether they previously experienced problems when giving directions to their home to a person that has not visited before, respondent responses were again divided (Md = 4, IQR = 3-5)
50 No signi鍖cant effect between living in a well known area and faced dif鍖culties when giving directions (蛎 = 4.75, p = 0.09)
51 No real dif鍖culties, got used to it You get used to it For someone new to the country, I think it is very very dif鍖cult to adapt to our system. But Ive got the hang of it
52 悋惘 惘悋 惘悋悄 愆悋惘惺慍悋惘惡 rue ruelle route alleyway road street 4. Language Ambiguity, Conventions, and Technology
53 Street labels on map do not correspond to how people talk about them 27%
54 There is confusion. For example my street, my old street near Barbar [restaurant], they changed the name at one point, but no one knows, so they refer to it as Leon, sometimes Emile Eddie, others something different. So uhh, its referred to mostly as Leon, but thats not whats put on the sign. Because they changed it and they dont amend the system
55
56 5. Tech Literacy & Expectations Wikipedia: RudolfSimon
57 Yes, some people dont know how to use Google Maps or the WhatsApp thing, so I would have to tell them by mouth, by words, and sometimes they dont get it, so Id have to go get them from there [the place they are currently at].
58 6. Urban-rural Divides
59 Then this wouldnt work obviously, youd have to go stand there. You would have to give a street name, a written address kind of thing.
60 Cultural and environmental assimilation vs. Range of strategies to overcome such way鍖nding dif鍖culties Role of Culture? milinme.wordpress.com
61 Way鍖nding Problems - Unique? * Language & Cultural Issues M.C. Escher
62 Social Querying + Tech Aids Wikipedia: The National Archives
63 Landmark-based Navigation Wikipedia: A.K.Khalifeh
64 Local Knowledge Credit: Richard Hall
65 So What? Conventions are important!
66 Mix social querying with technology aids Draw more on landmark-based navigation Utilize local knowledge, especially for language issues Full paper: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2935352 Thank you Abdallah El Ali www.abdoelali.com abdallah.el.ali@uol.de @abdoelali Take-home
67 Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Nusrat Jahan Mim, and Steven J. Jackson. 2015. Residual Mobilities: Infrastructural Displacement and Post-Colonial Computing in Bangladesh. In Proc. CHI 15. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 437446. GlobalWebIndex. 2013. (2013). http://www.globalwebindex.net/blog/ top- global- smartphone- apps Kasper L. Jensen, Heike Winschiers-Theophilus, and Kasper Rodil. 2012. Tapping into Local Lore: Toward Scalable Local Mapping and Tagging for Rural Africa Using Mobile Devices. In Proc. NordiCHI 12. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 631634. Indrani Medhi-Thies, Pedro Ferreira, Nakull Gupta, Jacki ONeill, and Edward Cutrell. 2015. KrishiPustak: A Social Networking System for Low-Literate Farmers. In Proc. CSCW 15. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 16701681. Sangkeun Park, Yongsung Kim, Uichin Lee, and Mark Ackerman. 2014. Understanding Localness of Knowledge Sharing: A Study of Naver KiN Here. In Proc. MobileHCI 14. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1322. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon Susan Wyche. 2015. Exploring Mobile Phone and Social Media Use in a Nairobi Slum: A Case for Alternative Approaches to Design in ICTD. In Proc. ICTD 15. ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 12, 8 pages. References

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MobileHCI 2016 - Technology Literacy in Poor Infrastructure Environments: Characterizing Wayfinding Strategies in Lebanon

  • 1. Technology Literacy in Poor Infrastructure Environments Characterizing Way鍖nding Strategies in Lebanon Abdallah El Ali Khaled Bachour Wilko Heuten Susanne Boll MobileHCI 2016, 7th Sept - Florence, Italy
  • 2. GlobalWebIndex 2013 Most globally used app in 2013 2
  • 3. 3 195 countries (2016 United Nations estimate)
  • 4. 4 CC BY-SA 4.0 154 are still considered developing
  • 5. CC BY-SA 4.0 Such mobile navigation & mapping technology has not speci鍖cally been designed for those 154 countries, making up 79% for our world countries 5
  • 6. 6 Human Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D)?
  • 7. 7 Qualitative exploratory 鍖eldwork for technology practices in infrastructure-poor settings (Ahmed et al., 2015; Wyche, 2015; Jensen et al., 2012) Introducing new tools in such communities (Medhi-Thies, 2015) Quantitatively assessing knowledge sharing in location-based social Q&A (Park et al., 2014)
  • 9. jeshoots.com (Oreglia et al., 2011) typically younger people can use mobile phones and/or computers without constant help from outsiders can learn new tasks and functions by themselves or from peers 9 What about so-called independent users?
  • 10. jeshoots.com Little research has paid attention to how technology literate individuals that live in a poor infrastructure environment use technology aids in general, and digital navigation aids in particular 10
  • 11. 11
  • 12. 12 ~ 5.8 M population ~ 1 M Syrian refugees 10,452 km2 ~ 87% live in cities ~ 75% use internet
  • 20. 20 Geomapping Lebanon is not hard Crowdsourced mapping efforts are low People do not rely on mapping services People distrust mapping services People often rely on people Observations J.Hassoun
  • 21. 21
  • 22. 22
  • 23. 23 What kinds of navigation and addressing problems are currently faced in Lebanon? What strategies do technology literate individuals living there employ to overcome them? 1. 2.
  • 24. 24 Information access and navigation strategies for 鍖nding unfamiliar POIs Flickr: zoghal
  • 25. 25 Strategies for giving directions to an address Source: leong
  • 29. 29 P1 29 yrs Software Developer 26 yrs LB P2 33 yrs Graphic Designer 12 yrs LB P3 33 yrs Assist. Prof. 8 yrs LB P6 22 yrs Graduate Student 21 yrs LB P8 27 yrs Web Designer 27 yrs LB P9 25 yrs Media Editor 25 yrs LB P12 22 yrs Exercise Instructor 22 yrs LB P4 20 yrs Undergrad Student 1 yr LB P5 22 yrs Writer / Musician 21 yrs LB P7 35 yrs HR Director 34 yrs LB P10 18 yrs Architect 18 yrs LB P11 22 yrs Teacher 22 yrs LB Part 1: 12 participants CC license: Madebyoliver
  • 30. 30 1. Finding an unfamiliar POI before trip: information needs for 鍖nding where an unfamiliar POI is during trip: information search strategies Part 1: Scenarios
  • 31. 31 2. Giving route directions give directions to their house previous dif鍖culties (if any) route directions they expect Part 1: Scenarios
  • 33. 33 Homogenous sampling (forums, print outs, social networks) Required: a) Live in Lebanon b) Used mapping services (Google Maps) c) Used messaging (WhatsApp) 3 x 50$ e-gift cards Part 2: Procedure
  • 34. 34 56 29 85 total >1 yr in Lebanon 17-74 years old (M = 27) 91% Lebanese Part 2: Respondents CC license: Madebyoliver 64% use maps once a week and messaging apps daily 67% own car or motorcycle 54% walk 40% take a service
  • 35. 35 1. Multi-faceted Information Access Strategies Wikipedia: Tony Webster
  • 36. 36 Search in digital maps (e.g., Google, Bing, Apple)68% Before the Trip 38% Web search query (e.g., Google) 39% Go to website of the place 40% Call a friend or family member 44% Find out if there are popular landmarks nearby
  • 37. 37 Id start by asking my friends, and then Id google map it. [if not on google maps?] Then Id google its name and check online if theres an indication of what the address is.
  • 38. 38 Use digital maps (Google / Bing / Apple Maps)66% During the Trip 21% Make use of street signs 40% Get in taxi / service and rely on driver to know address 65% Get to general area and ask people there
  • 39. 39 I would ask the people around me on the street. I keep asking until I 鍖nd out, someone must know.
  • 41. 41 Outdated information on the map54% Problems with Digital Maps 66% Incorrect position marker on map 53% Incorrect / missing places on map 39% Incorrect route plan
  • 42. 42 Maps [Google Maps] are not very well populated with information, and then it turns into basic map reading, and not just on the go.
  • 43. 43 When asked whether they experienced problems when using mapping services before, respondent responses were divided (Md = 4, IQR = 3-5)
  • 44. 44 Respondents' reported experienced dif鍖culties with mapping services and whether they used mapping services once a week or several times a week was signi鍖cant (p < 0.01, FET13)
  • 45. 45 3. Multi-faceted Direction Giving Strategies theredlist.com
  • 46. 46 Pin [Google Maps] accompanied by general description. So you get to the general area, pin will get you there. There will be a blue building, and right behind it is a blue dumpster, and if you see, you can actually pass through there. So yes, I feel its a combination of pin plus directions, thats the way to go in this country
  • 47. 47 When this happened, I made a drawing. Exactly because its easier to know the main roads, and direction of the streets
  • 49. 49 When asked whether they previously experienced problems when giving directions to their home to a person that has not visited before, respondent responses were again divided (Md = 4, IQR = 3-5)
  • 50. 50 No signi鍖cant effect between living in a well known area and faced dif鍖culties when giving directions (蛎 = 4.75, p = 0.09)
  • 51. 51 No real dif鍖culties, got used to it You get used to it For someone new to the country, I think it is very very dif鍖cult to adapt to our system. But Ive got the hang of it
  • 53. 53 Street labels on map do not correspond to how people talk about them 27%
  • 54. 54 There is confusion. For example my street, my old street near Barbar [restaurant], they changed the name at one point, but no one knows, so they refer to it as Leon, sometimes Emile Eddie, others something different. So uhh, its referred to mostly as Leon, but thats not whats put on the sign. Because they changed it and they dont amend the system
  • 55. 55
  • 56. 56 5. Tech Literacy & Expectations Wikipedia: RudolfSimon
  • 57. 57 Yes, some people dont know how to use Google Maps or the WhatsApp thing, so I would have to tell them by mouth, by words, and sometimes they dont get it, so Id have to go get them from there [the place they are currently at].
  • 59. 59 Then this wouldnt work obviously, youd have to go stand there. You would have to give a street name, a written address kind of thing.
  • 60. 60 Cultural and environmental assimilation vs. Range of strategies to overcome such way鍖nding dif鍖culties Role of Culture? milinme.wordpress.com
  • 61. 61 Way鍖nding Problems - Unique? * Language & Cultural Issues M.C. Escher
  • 62. 62 Social Querying + Tech Aids Wikipedia: The National Archives
  • 66. 66 Mix social querying with technology aids Draw more on landmark-based navigation Utilize local knowledge, especially for language issues Full paper: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2935352 Thank you Abdallah El Ali www.abdoelali.com abdallah.el.ali@uol.de @abdoelali Take-home
  • 67. 67 Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed, Nusrat Jahan Mim, and Steven J. Jackson. 2015. Residual Mobilities: Infrastructural Displacement and Post-Colonial Computing in Bangladesh. In Proc. CHI 15. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 437446. GlobalWebIndex. 2013. (2013). http://www.globalwebindex.net/blog/ top- global- smartphone- apps Kasper L. Jensen, Heike Winschiers-Theophilus, and Kasper Rodil. 2012. Tapping into Local Lore: Toward Scalable Local Mapping and Tagging for Rural Africa Using Mobile Devices. In Proc. NordiCHI 12. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 631634. Indrani Medhi-Thies, Pedro Ferreira, Nakull Gupta, Jacki ONeill, and Edward Cutrell. 2015. KrishiPustak: A Social Networking System for Low-Literate Farmers. In Proc. CSCW 15. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 16701681. Sangkeun Park, Yongsung Kim, Uichin Lee, and Mark Ackerman. 2014. Understanding Localness of Knowledge Sharing: A Study of Naver KiN Here. In Proc. MobileHCI 14. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1322. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon Susan Wyche. 2015. Exploring Mobile Phone and Social Media Use in a Nairobi Slum: A Case for Alternative Approaches to Design in ICTD. In Proc. ICTD 15. ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 12, 8 pages. References