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Moodle Handout Ch9 (Development)

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This document discusses several factors that can influence differences in levels of development between countries: 1. Colonialism - Today's developing countries were often former colonies that were exploited for their raw materials, limiting their own development. Exceptions exist, like Singapore, which developed rapidly despite being a colony. 2. Natural resources and climate - Countries with valuable resources like oil can develop faster, but exceptions like Nigeria exist. Climate also influences development, though technology can overcome limitations. 3. Cumulative causation and core-periphery dynamics - As resources and people flow to core urban areas, they become richer while peripheral rural areas become poorer through "backwash effects," though governments can encourage "spread effects" to poorer regions

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Chapter 9 Why do different countries have different levels of development? Colonialism Presence of raw materials and climate Cumulative Causation Education Political Issues Double C Double P. E
Colonialism Todays DCs are usually the colonial powers while Todays LDCs are usually countries that had been colonised before (colonies) Example of Colonial Power: Portugal Example of colony: Angola
Colonialism Angola had suitable climate and soil conditions to grow cotton, coffee and cocoa. Portugal took over Angola and used the land to grow these cash crops First they sold them as they were and made money, then processed them to make clothes and sold them and made EVEN MORE money! But Angola was left behind and did not catch up in terms of development
BUT EXCEPTIONS exist! UK colonised Singapore before UK now a DC but Singapore is NOT a LDC WHY? Singapore had other factors encouraging our development like a good government, strategic location, hardworking people, and so on. So we have also caught up with our colonial power, UK! YIPPPEEE
Presence of Raw Materials Norway is a DC because it has timber and crude oil which can be made into furniture and petrol respectively so this can cause it to develop faster than other countries with few or no natural resources/raw materials Money earned from selling the raw materials can be used to build roads, hospitals, etc and so improve the peoples S/L and Q/L.
BUT EXCEPTIONS exist! Nigeria has LOTS of raw materials but it is still a LDC WHY? Read page 186 to find out reason Singapore has almost NO raw materials but we are highly developed WOW!
Climate pg 187 DCs usually found in temperate climate zones, experiencing low to moderate temperatures and moderate rainfall LDCs usually found in tropical climate zone, experiencing high temperatures and low seasonal rainfall Is there is a correlation? That is, DOES climate affect development?
Yes, to some extent Cool and moist climates (found in DCs) are suitable for growing many crops like wheat and oat which can be sold to make money for the country High temperatures and low rainfall result in drought and so insufficient water means few crops can be grown, so major source of income is lost for LDCs Floods also common in LDCs because they lack money to control them, and floods wipe out many farms and infrastructure pg 188
BUT EXCEPTIONS exist! Netherlands is prone to floods BUT the successful Zuider Zee Project (remember Sec 2 geog?) has controlled the floods and the land is used to grow crops that bring in A LOT of money for Netherlands! Technology can also allow greenhouses to be built and irrigation to be carried out so climate can be controlled So if you have the money, you can overcome climatic problems using technology! Unfortunately, LDCs dont have this kind of $ SO SAD!
Cumulative Causation It refers to the process of how the movement of people and resources from the periphery area increases the wealth of the core area The RICH get RICHER! Do you understand? Lets try to explain
Core Area Gets Richer You are a businessmen and you sell mobile phones. Would you rather open up your shop in the city (core) area where there are many people who will buy your phones or in the village (periphery) where people are poorer? Of course, the city if you want to make $!
Now, imagine ALL the businessmen think like that, everyone opens up their businesses in the city, this attracts even more workers to the city because they can find jobs there SO CITY gets better and better but the VILLAGES get poorer and poorer because everyone is going to the cities to work since all the opportunities are in the city!
This effect where the periphery areas get POORER and POORER because people and raw materials are going to the city is called The Backwash Effect
But its not all gloom and doom for the periphery areas LAH! Governments sometimes purposely encourage industries to go to the poorer areas to set up, or governments of poorer countries encourage industries to set up in their countries by offering them benefits like cash, etc
This effect where money and knowledge gets transferred from the core/rich areas to the periphery/poor areas is called The Spread Effect
Lets Test Ourselves! The Phenomenon of Brain-Drain, where Indian doctors move from India (LDC/Periphery) to work in countries like Singapore (DC/core), is called Backwash OR spread effect? Backwash
If I decide to go to my hometown in Malaysia, a small town called Segamat where I was born, and decide to open up a school employing about 20 local teachers, what effect am I generating? Spread Effect
Education DCs have a higher literacy rate than LDCs, and so with more people being able to read and write, more people will work in secondary and tertiary industries and these are the industries that usually bring in more money for the country (S/L) so it becomes more developed!
Politics Wars and instability have discouraged industries from setting up in countries and tourists from visiting the countries and this has reduced money coming in for these countries, slowing down their development So, countries which often have wars and are unstable/unsafe stay less developed Example is Sierra Leone pg 195 Instability
Leadership Countries with effective, corrupt-free governments tend to develop quickly LOOK at SINGAPORE! We developed so quickly after the British left because the PAP government is a very responsible and intelligent one. Why do I say that??? Responsible: uses citizens money to improve their lives (Q/L) Intelligent: attracts tourists, foreign investments because it will increase our S/L
Thats All Folks for Chapter 9! Wah, so easy ah?! Now, read Chapter 10 first, on your own, before we start studying it!

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Moodle Handout Ch9 (Development)

  • 1. Chapter 9 Why do different countries have different levels of development? Colonialism Presence of raw materials and climate Cumulative Causation Education Political Issues Double C Double P. E
  • 2. Colonialism Todays DCs are usually the colonial powers while Todays LDCs are usually countries that had been colonised before (colonies) Example of Colonial Power: Portugal Example of colony: Angola
  • 3. Colonialism Angola had suitable climate and soil conditions to grow cotton, coffee and cocoa. Portugal took over Angola and used the land to grow these cash crops First they sold them as they were and made money, then processed them to make clothes and sold them and made EVEN MORE money! But Angola was left behind and did not catch up in terms of development
  • 4. BUT EXCEPTIONS exist! UK colonised Singapore before UK now a DC but Singapore is NOT a LDC WHY? Singapore had other factors encouraging our development like a good government, strategic location, hardworking people, and so on. So we have also caught up with our colonial power, UK! YIPPPEEE
  • 5. Presence of Raw Materials Norway is a DC because it has timber and crude oil which can be made into furniture and petrol respectively so this can cause it to develop faster than other countries with few or no natural resources/raw materials Money earned from selling the raw materials can be used to build roads, hospitals, etc and so improve the peoples S/L and Q/L.
  • 6. BUT EXCEPTIONS exist! Nigeria has LOTS of raw materials but it is still a LDC WHY? Read page 186 to find out reason Singapore has almost NO raw materials but we are highly developed WOW!
  • 7. Climate pg 187 DCs usually found in temperate climate zones, experiencing low to moderate temperatures and moderate rainfall LDCs usually found in tropical climate zone, experiencing high temperatures and low seasonal rainfall Is there is a correlation? That is, DOES climate affect development?
  • 8. Yes, to some extent Cool and moist climates (found in DCs) are suitable for growing many crops like wheat and oat which can be sold to make money for the country High temperatures and low rainfall result in drought and so insufficient water means few crops can be grown, so major source of income is lost for LDCs Floods also common in LDCs because they lack money to control them, and floods wipe out many farms and infrastructure pg 188
  • 9. BUT EXCEPTIONS exist! Netherlands is prone to floods BUT the successful Zuider Zee Project (remember Sec 2 geog?) has controlled the floods and the land is used to grow crops that bring in A LOT of money for Netherlands! Technology can also allow greenhouses to be built and irrigation to be carried out so climate can be controlled So if you have the money, you can overcome climatic problems using technology! Unfortunately, LDCs dont have this kind of $ SO SAD!
  • 10. Cumulative Causation It refers to the process of how the movement of people and resources from the periphery area increases the wealth of the core area The RICH get RICHER! Do you understand? Lets try to explain
  • 11. Core Area Gets Richer You are a businessmen and you sell mobile phones. Would you rather open up your shop in the city (core) area where there are many people who will buy your phones or in the village (periphery) where people are poorer? Of course, the city if you want to make $!
  • 12. Now, imagine ALL the businessmen think like that, everyone opens up their businesses in the city, this attracts even more workers to the city because they can find jobs there SO CITY gets better and better but the VILLAGES get poorer and poorer because everyone is going to the cities to work since all the opportunities are in the city!
  • 13. This effect where the periphery areas get POORER and POORER because people and raw materials are going to the city is called The Backwash Effect
  • 14. But its not all gloom and doom for the periphery areas LAH! Governments sometimes purposely encourage industries to go to the poorer areas to set up, or governments of poorer countries encourage industries to set up in their countries by offering them benefits like cash, etc
  • 15. This effect where money and knowledge gets transferred from the core/rich areas to the periphery/poor areas is called The Spread Effect
  • 16. Lets Test Ourselves! The Phenomenon of Brain-Drain, where Indian doctors move from India (LDC/Periphery) to work in countries like Singapore (DC/core), is called Backwash OR spread effect? Backwash
  • 17. If I decide to go to my hometown in Malaysia, a small town called Segamat where I was born, and decide to open up a school employing about 20 local teachers, what effect am I generating? Spread Effect
  • 18. Education DCs have a higher literacy rate than LDCs, and so with more people being able to read and write, more people will work in secondary and tertiary industries and these are the industries that usually bring in more money for the country (S/L) so it becomes more developed!
  • 19. Politics Wars and instability have discouraged industries from setting up in countries and tourists from visiting the countries and this has reduced money coming in for these countries, slowing down their development So, countries which often have wars and are unstable/unsafe stay less developed Example is Sierra Leone pg 195 Instability
  • 20. Leadership Countries with effective, corrupt-free governments tend to develop quickly LOOK at SINGAPORE! We developed so quickly after the British left because the PAP government is a very responsible and intelligent one. Why do I say that??? Responsible: uses citizens money to improve their lives (Q/L) Intelligent: attracts tourists, foreign investments because it will increase our S/L
  • 21. Thats All Folks for Chapter 9! Wah, so easy ah?! Now, read Chapter 10 first, on your own, before we start studying it!