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Morphine

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A
Anum Rafi

This is all about morphine, its working principle, its therapeutic uses, side effects and associated risks.

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1 By ANUM RAFI
CONTENTS:  Definition  History  Physical and chemical properties  Derivatives of morphine  How does morphine work?  Uses  Side effects  Associated Risks  Case of morphine poisoning  Reference 2
3 DEFINITION • Morphine is a highly potent opiate (narcotic) analgesic that is used to treat moderate to moderately severe chronic pain. • Morphine is said to be the most powerful pain reliever medicine has to offer today and sets the standard by which all other opiate potency is tested. • The potential for morphine
4 • Like other opioids, e.g. Diamorphine (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleus accumbens in particular. • Morphine is highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical and psychological dependences develop very rapidly. DEFINITION
HISTORY OF MORPHINE • Morphine was discovered by Freidrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783-1841), an obscure, uneducated, 21- year-old pharmacist’s assistant with little equipment but loads of curiosity. • Serturner wondered about the medicinal properties of opium*, which was widely used by 18th-century physicians. In a series of experiments, performed in his spare time and published in 1806, he managed to isolate an organic alkaloid compound from the 5 *Opium: A dark brown, resinous material obtained from poppy (Papaver somniferum) capsules.
6 HISTORY OF MORPHINE • Serturner found that opium with the alkaloid removed had no effect on animals, but the alkaloid itself had 10 times the power of processed opium. He named that substance morphine, after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, for its
7 • He spent several years experimenting with morphine, often on himself, learning its therapeutic effects as well as its considerable dangers. • Although his work was initially ignored, he recognized its significance, and as he predicted, chemists and physicians soon grew interested in his discoveries. • Serturner’s crystallization of morphine was the first isolation of a natural plant alkaloid. • It sparked the study of alkaloid chemistry and hastened the emergence of the modern pharmaceutical industry. HISTORY OF MORPHINE
8 HISTORY OF MORPHINE • Barely, eighteen years after morphine was discovered, it was used for homicide. • In 1823, a 27 year old French doctor, Edme Castaing, mixed morphine in the wine given to his friend, Auguste Ballet, to kill him.
9 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Solid • White, crystalline alkaloid • Odorless • Bitter • Boiling point: 190ºC • Melting point: 255ºC • Insoluble in water
10 • Solubility: When exposed to air, morphine sulfate gradually loses its water of hydration. The drug darkens on prolonged exposure to • Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxide. • pH: pH of saturated solution is 8.5 • Spectral Properties: UV maximum in acid: 285 nm; in alkali: 298 nm Intense mass spectral peaks: 124 m/z, 162 m/z, 268 m/z, 285 m/z Mass Infrared
11 DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE • Morphine is isolated from opium in large quantities (over 1000 tons per year), although most commercial opium is converted into codeine by methylation. Morphine, by replacing the -OH group red with -OCH3 produces Codeine. the both the red and blue -OH groups with OCOCH3 produces Heroin.
12 Codeine: The methoxy addition is shown in red. Heroin: The - OCOCH3 groups that replaced the -OH groups in morphine are shown in DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE
13 HOW DOES MORPHINE WORK? • Morphine acts as an anesthetic without decreasing consciousness, and it is one of the most powerful analgesics known. However it also suppresses the respiratory system, and high doses can cause death by respiratory failure. • Its analgesic properties are related to the ability of the molecule to fit into and block a specific receptor site on a nerve cell. • This eliminates the action of the pain
14 HOW DOES MORPHINE WORK? • This is similar to the way in which the body's natural painkillers (endorphins and enkaphalins) work. • The shape of the morphine molecule is crucial to its ability to exactly fit into the active site on the receptor - the 'lock-and-key' mechanism. • The benzene group of the morphine molecule fits snugly against a flat section of the receptor protein, whilst the bent neighbouring group of carbon atoms fits into a nearby groove. • This allows the positively charged nitrogen atom to attach to a negatively-charged group on the receptor, so locking the two molecules together.
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17 • Morphine is a powerful pain reliever used for both acute and chronic pain. It is also used, much less frequently, as a cough suppressant, for difficulty breathing and to stop diarrhea. • It is used to treat pain caused by a variety of diseases, illnesses and injuries. USES OF MORPHINE
18 USES OF MORPHINE Analgesic: • Long bone fracture • Terminal stages of cancer • Burn patients • Postoperative patients • Obstetric analgesia • Segmental analgesia
19 Common side effects of morphine include: • Constipation: After surgery, it is important to prevent constipation, which can become a major complication. • Decreased coughing • Loss of appetite • Sleepiness • Dizziness SIDE EFFECTS
20
21 Every drug has risks, and morphine is no exception. Risks are increased with higher doses, long-term use and especially inappropriate use without a prescription. • Depressed breathing (breathing too slowly or too shallowly, including respiratory failure and death) • Headache • Confusion • Memory problems • Severe constipation • Anxiety • Memory problems • Sleep disturbances • Tolerance ASSOCIATED RISKS
22 CASE OF MORPHINE POISONING • He was an Austrian neurologist, who is the founder of the psychoanalysis. • He was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist. Do you know who’s he?
23 DO YOU KNOW HOW HE DIED? • In September 1939, Freud who was suffering from cancer and in severe pain, persuaded his doctor and friend Max Schur to help him commit suicide. • Later, on 21 and 22 September, administered large doses of morphine that resulted in Freud’s death on 23rd September 1939.
24
25 REFERENCES • https://talbottcampus.com/history-of-morphine/ • https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/morphine #section=Spectral-Properties • https://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/morph ine_text.htm • https://www.verywellhealth.com/morphine-sulfate- drug-information-3156914 • /shrinathraman/morphine- 22202338
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Morphine

  • 2. CONTENTS:  Definition  History  Physical and chemical properties  Derivatives of morphine  How does morphine work?  Uses  Side effects  Associated Risks  Case of morphine poisoning  Reference 2
  • 3. 3 DEFINITION • Morphine is a highly potent opiate (narcotic) analgesic that is used to treat moderate to moderately severe chronic pain. • Morphine is said to be the most powerful pain reliever medicine has to offer today and sets the standard by which all other opiate potency is tested. • The potential for morphine
  • 4. 4 • Like other opioids, e.g. Diamorphine (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleus accumbens in particular. • Morphine is highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical and psychological dependences develop very rapidly. DEFINITION
  • 5. HISTORY OF MORPHINE • Morphine was discovered by Freidrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner (1783-1841), an obscure, uneducated, 21- year-old pharmacist’s assistant with little equipment but loads of curiosity. • Serturner wondered about the medicinal properties of opium*, which was widely used by 18th-century physicians. In a series of experiments, performed in his spare time and published in 1806, he managed to isolate an organic alkaloid compound from the 5 *Opium: A dark brown, resinous material obtained from poppy (Papaver somniferum) capsules.
  • 6. 6 HISTORY OF MORPHINE • Serturner found that opium with the alkaloid removed had no effect on animals, but the alkaloid itself had 10 times the power of processed opium. He named that substance morphine, after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, for its
  • 7. 7 • He spent several years experimenting with morphine, often on himself, learning its therapeutic effects as well as its considerable dangers. • Although his work was initially ignored, he recognized its significance, and as he predicted, chemists and physicians soon grew interested in his discoveries. • Serturner’s crystallization of morphine was the first isolation of a natural plant alkaloid. • It sparked the study of alkaloid chemistry and hastened the emergence of the modern pharmaceutical industry. HISTORY OF MORPHINE
  • 8. 8 HISTORY OF MORPHINE • Barely, eighteen years after morphine was discovered, it was used for homicide. • In 1823, a 27 year old French doctor, Edme Castaing, mixed morphine in the wine given to his friend, Auguste Ballet, to kill him.
  • 9. 9 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Solid • White, crystalline alkaloid • Odorless • Bitter • Boiling point: 190ºC • Melting point: 255ºC • Insoluble in water
  • 10. 10 • Solubility: When exposed to air, morphine sulfate gradually loses its water of hydration. The drug darkens on prolonged exposure to • Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxide. • pH: pH of saturated solution is 8.5 • Spectral Properties: UV maximum in acid: 285 nm; in alkali: 298 nm Intense mass spectral peaks: 124 m/z, 162 m/z, 268 m/z, 285 m/z Mass Infrared
  • 11. 11 DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE • Morphine is isolated from opium in large quantities (over 1000 tons per year), although most commercial opium is converted into codeine by methylation. Morphine, by replacing the -OH group red with -OCH3 produces Codeine. the both the red and blue -OH groups with OCOCH3 produces Heroin.
  • 12. 12 Codeine: The methoxy addition is shown in red. Heroin: The - OCOCH3 groups that replaced the -OH groups in morphine are shown in DERIVATIVES OF MORPHINE
  • 13. 13 HOW DOES MORPHINE WORK? • Morphine acts as an anesthetic without decreasing consciousness, and it is one of the most powerful analgesics known. However it also suppresses the respiratory system, and high doses can cause death by respiratory failure. • Its analgesic properties are related to the ability of the molecule to fit into and block a specific receptor site on a nerve cell. • This eliminates the action of the pain
  • 14. 14 HOW DOES MORPHINE WORK? • This is similar to the way in which the body's natural painkillers (endorphins and enkaphalins) work. • The shape of the morphine molecule is crucial to its ability to exactly fit into the active site on the receptor - the 'lock-and-key' mechanism. • The benzene group of the morphine molecule fits snugly against a flat section of the receptor protein, whilst the bent neighbouring group of carbon atoms fits into a nearby groove. • This allows the positively charged nitrogen atom to attach to a negatively-charged group on the receptor, so locking the two molecules together.
  • 15. 15
  • 16. 16
  • 17. 17 • Morphine is a powerful pain reliever used for both acute and chronic pain. It is also used, much less frequently, as a cough suppressant, for difficulty breathing and to stop diarrhea. • It is used to treat pain caused by a variety of diseases, illnesses and injuries. USES OF MORPHINE
  • 18. 18 USES OF MORPHINE Analgesic: • Long bone fracture • Terminal stages of cancer • Burn patients • Postoperative patients • Obstetric analgesia • Segmental analgesia
  • 19. 19 Common side effects of morphine include: • Constipation: After surgery, it is important to prevent constipation, which can become a major complication. • Decreased coughing • Loss of appetite • Sleepiness • Dizziness SIDE EFFECTS
  • 20. 20
  • 21. 21 Every drug has risks, and morphine is no exception. Risks are increased with higher doses, long-term use and especially inappropriate use without a prescription. • Depressed breathing (breathing too slowly or too shallowly, including respiratory failure and death) • Headache • Confusion • Memory problems • Severe constipation • Anxiety • Memory problems • Sleep disturbances • Tolerance ASSOCIATED RISKS
  • 22. 22 CASE OF MORPHINE POISONING • He was an Austrian neurologist, who is the founder of the psychoanalysis. • He was a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist. Do you know who’s he?
  • 23. 23 DO YOU KNOW HOW HE DIED? • In September 1939, Freud who was suffering from cancer and in severe pain, persuaded his doctor and friend Max Schur to help him commit suicide. • Later, on 21 and 22 September, administered large doses of morphine that resulted in Freud’s death on 23rd September 1939.
  • 24. 24
  • 25. 25 REFERENCES • https://talbottcampus.com/history-of-morphine/ • https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/morphine #section=Spectral-Properties • https://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/morph ine_text.htm • https://www.verywellhealth.com/morphine-sulfate- drug-information-3156914 • /shrinathraman/morphine- 22202338
  • 26. 26