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MP3 as cultural artifact

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The document discusses the history and cultural impact of the MP3 file format. It describes how MP3s were designed for portable music listening and use data compression to greatly reduce file sizes while still maintaining acceptable sound quality. The document also examines how MP3s have become ubiquitous cultural objects that are collected and treated as music even though they are just data files. It explores how the widespread adoption of MP3s has changed the way music is consumed and its cultural value.

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The Mp3 as Cultural ArtifactJonathan SterneMcGill University, CanadaCc Fan 311271103
What is MP3?MP3 stands for MPEG-1, Layer-3MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group)a consortium of engineers and others formed with the support of the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission.
What was MP3 designed for?was designed by an electronics industry interested in maximum compatibility across platforms, which would allow for easy exchange of files uses a specific form of data compression based on a model of how the human ear works a machine designed to anticipate how its listeners perceive music and to perceive for them
Why is size of MP3 files smaller?An mp3 takes an existing CD-quality digital audio file and removes as much data content as possiblePsychoacoustic principletraditionally, sound reproduction technologies have been theorized in terms of their relation of absolute fidelity to a sound source, the human ear is not capable of such fine distinctions. In fact, people can lose most of the vibrations in a recorded sound and still hear it as roughly the same sound as the version with no data compression
Sound Quality of MP3, as good as CD?Mp3s of songs do not sound the same as the CD recordings; a professional audio engineer could certainly tell the difference
So what?Mp3s are designed to be heard via headphones while outdoors, in a noisy dorm room, in an office with a loud computer fan, in the background as other activities are taking place and through low-fi or mid-fi computer speakers. mp3 is a medium mp3 plays its listener
My MP3 Experience¡­Discman
MP3, object or technology?MP3 has been ascribed the status of a thing in everyday practiceAlthough it is a data file, users treat mp3s as cultural objects. It is assembled by other technologies
Music, cultural objectTwo kinds of objectsOne that can be collected ¨C MP3One that can be touched ¨C Compact Disc (CD)Micromaterialization/DematerializationUsers refer to the dematerialization of music in discussing their practices of use, but they insist on treating music as a cultural object when they discuss their possession of the music
MP3, free? Value?Use-valueWork of expenditureExchange valueWork of creation¡°Mollusks¡± without ¡°shells¡±¡°air¡± and ¡°water¡±Value persistsMP3 is being used
Best-selling singles by years in US1992: "I Will Always Love You", Whitney Houston 3,086,0001993: "Whoomp! (There It Is)",Tag Team 2,754,0001994: "I'llMakeLoveToYou", Boyz II Men 1,627,0001995: "Gangsta's Paradise",Coolio featuring L.V. 2,534,0001996: "Macarena (baysideboys mix)", Los Del Rio 3,747,0001997: "Candle In The Wind 1997", Elton John 8,111,0001998: "The Boy Is Mine",Brandy& Monica 2,591,0001999: "Believe", Cher 1,707,0002000: "Maria, Maria", Santana featuring The Product G&B 1,337,0002001: "Loverboy", Mariah Carey 571,0002002: "A Moment Like This", Kelly Clarkson 600,0002003: "This Is The Night", Clay Aiken 948,0002004: "I Believe", Fantasia 401,000
Best-selling singles by years in US2000: "Maria, Maria", Santana featuring The Product G&B 1,337,0002001: "Loverboy", Mariah Carey 571,0002002: "A Moment Like This", Kelly Clarkson 600,0002003: "This Is The Night", Clay Aiken 948,0002004: "I Believe", Fantasia 401,0002005: "Beverly Hills", Weezer 962,0002006: "Bad Day", Daniel Powter 1,936,0002007: "CrankThat (Soulja Boy)",Soulja Boy Tell'em 2,714,0002008: "Bleeding Love", Leona Lewis 3,420,0002009: "Boom Boom Pow", The Black Eyed Peas 4,762,0002010: "California Gurls", Katy Perry feat. Snoop Dogg4,398,000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bestselling_singles_in_the_United_States
BibliographyTadajewski, Mark (2010). "The emergence of MP3 technology". Journal of historical research in marketing (1755-750X), 2 (4),?p. 397.Six years : the dematerialization of the art object from 1966 to 1972 ... / edited and annotated by Lucy R. Lippard. (1997)Digital Media and Dematerialization: An Exploration of the Potential for Reduced Material Intensity in Music DeliveryAuthors: Hogg, Nick1;?Jackson, Tim2Source: Journal of Industrial Ecology, Volume 13,?Number 1, February 2009 , pp. 127-146(20)Publisher: Wiley-BlackwellAn Economist's Guide to Digital Music by Peitz, M, CESifoEconomic Studies, ISSN 1612-7501, 01/2005, Volume 51, Issue 2-3, pp. 359 - 428 An MP3 a day keeps the worries away: Exploring the use of podcasting to address preconceptions and alleviate pre-class anxiety amongst undergraduate information technology students (2005)by Anthony Chan ,? Mark J. W. Lee, In D.H.R. Spennemann & L.Burr (Ed.), Good Practice in Practice: Proceedings of the Student Experience ConferenceMP3: The Definitive Guide, Scot Hacker, Publisher: O'Reilly, First Edition March 2000From music publishing to MP3: Music and industry in the Twentieth Century R Garofalo - American Music, 1999 - JSTOR

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MP3 as cultural artifact

  • 1. The Mp3 as Cultural ArtifactJonathan SterneMcGill University, CanadaCc Fan 311271103
  • 2. What is MP3?MP3 stands for MPEG-1, Layer-3MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group)a consortium of engineers and others formed with the support of the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission.
  • 3. What was MP3 designed for?was designed by an electronics industry interested in maximum compatibility across platforms, which would allow for easy exchange of files uses a specific form of data compression based on a model of how the human ear works a machine designed to anticipate how its listeners perceive music and to perceive for them
  • 4. Why is size of MP3 files smaller?An mp3 takes an existing CD-quality digital audio file and removes as much data content as possiblePsychoacoustic principletraditionally, sound reproduction technologies have been theorized in terms of their relation of absolute fidelity to a sound source, the human ear is not capable of such fine distinctions. In fact, people can lose most of the vibrations in a recorded sound and still hear it as roughly the same sound as the version with no data compression
  • 5. Sound Quality of MP3, as good as CD?Mp3s of songs do not sound the same as the CD recordings; a professional audio engineer could certainly tell the difference
  • 6. So what?Mp3s are designed to be heard via headphones while outdoors, in a noisy dorm room, in an office with a loud computer fan, in the background as other activities are taking place and through low-fi or mid-fi computer speakers. mp3 is a medium mp3 plays its listener
  • 8. MP3, object or technology?MP3 has been ascribed the status of a thing in everyday practiceAlthough it is a data file, users treat mp3s as cultural objects. It is assembled by other technologies
  • 9. Music, cultural objectTwo kinds of objectsOne that can be collected ¨C MP3One that can be touched ¨C Compact Disc (CD)Micromaterialization/DematerializationUsers refer to the dematerialization of music in discussing their practices of use, but they insist on treating music as a cultural object when they discuss their possession of the music
  • 10. MP3, free? Value?Use-valueWork of expenditureExchange valueWork of creation¡°Mollusks¡± without ¡°shells¡±¡°air¡± and ¡°water¡±Value persistsMP3 is being used
  • 11. Best-selling singles by years in US1992: "I Will Always Love You", Whitney Houston 3,086,0001993: "Whoomp! (There It Is)",Tag Team 2,754,0001994: "I'llMakeLoveToYou", Boyz II Men 1,627,0001995: "Gangsta's Paradise",Coolio featuring L.V. 2,534,0001996: "Macarena (baysideboys mix)", Los Del Rio 3,747,0001997: "Candle In The Wind 1997", Elton John 8,111,0001998: "The Boy Is Mine",Brandy& Monica 2,591,0001999: "Believe", Cher 1,707,0002000: "Maria, Maria", Santana featuring The Product G&B 1,337,0002001: "Loverboy", Mariah Carey 571,0002002: "A Moment Like This", Kelly Clarkson 600,0002003: "This Is The Night", Clay Aiken 948,0002004: "I Believe", Fantasia 401,000
  • 12. Best-selling singles by years in US2000: "Maria, Maria", Santana featuring The Product G&B 1,337,0002001: "Loverboy", Mariah Carey 571,0002002: "A Moment Like This", Kelly Clarkson 600,0002003: "This Is The Night", Clay Aiken 948,0002004: "I Believe", Fantasia 401,0002005: "Beverly Hills", Weezer 962,0002006: "Bad Day", Daniel Powter 1,936,0002007: "CrankThat (Soulja Boy)",Soulja Boy Tell'em 2,714,0002008: "Bleeding Love", Leona Lewis 3,420,0002009: "Boom Boom Pow", The Black Eyed Peas 4,762,0002010: "California Gurls", Katy Perry feat. Snoop Dogg4,398,000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bestselling_singles_in_the_United_States
  • 13. BibliographyTadajewski, Mark (2010). "The emergence of MP3 technology". Journal of historical research in marketing (1755-750X), 2 (4),?p. 397.Six years : the dematerialization of the art object from 1966 to 1972 ... / edited and annotated by Lucy R. Lippard. (1997)Digital Media and Dematerialization: An Exploration of the Potential for Reduced Material Intensity in Music DeliveryAuthors: Hogg, Nick1;?Jackson, Tim2Source: Journal of Industrial Ecology, Volume 13,?Number 1, February 2009 , pp. 127-146(20)Publisher: Wiley-BlackwellAn Economist's Guide to Digital Music by Peitz, M, CESifoEconomic Studies, ISSN 1612-7501, 01/2005, Volume 51, Issue 2-3, pp. 359 - 428 An MP3 a day keeps the worries away: Exploring the use of podcasting to address preconceptions and alleviate pre-class anxiety amongst undergraduate information technology students (2005)by Anthony Chan ,? Mark J. W. Lee, In D.H.R. Spennemann & L.Burr (Ed.), Good Practice in Practice: Proceedings of the Student Experience ConferenceMP3: The Definitive Guide, Scot Hacker, Publisher: O'Reilly, First Edition March 2000From music publishing to MP3: Music and industry in the Twentieth Century R Garofalo - American Music, 1999 - JSTOR