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Muscular

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Gale Llanes
Gale Llanes

This document provides information about the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle - and their functions, structures, and locations in the body. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary muscle that enables movement. Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle found in organs like the digestive system. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart. The document describes muscle contraction, naming conventions for muscles, and some common muscular disorders.

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Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move.
Anterior View
Posterior View
Functions of the Muscles Movement Maintenance of posture and muscle tone Heat production Protects the bones and internal organs.
Muscle Classification Functionally Voluntarily can be moved at will Involuntarily cant be moved intentionally Structur ally Striated have stripes across the fiber Smooth no striations
The 3 T ypes of Muscles 3 T y p e s o f M u s c le s S k e le t a l M u s c le S m o o t h M u s c le C a r d ia c M u s c le
Smooth Muscle Fibers are thin and spindle shaped. No striations Single nuclei Involuntary Contr acts slowly
Smooth Muscle They fatigue but very slowly Found in the circulatory system Lining of the blood vessels Helps in the circulation of the blood Found in the digestive system Esophagus, stomach, intestine Controls digestion Found in the respir atory system Controls breathing Found in the urinary system Urinary bladder Controls urination
Cardiac Muscle Cells are branched and appear fused with one another Has striations Each cell has a central nuclei Involuntary
Cardiac Muscle Found ONLY in the heart Contractions of the heart muscles pump blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat.
Skeletal Muscle Fibers are long and cylindrical Has many nuclei Has striations -Have alternating dark and light bands Voluntary
Muscular
Functions of Skeletal Muscle Maintenance of posture or muscle tone We are able to maintain our body position because of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These contractions dont produce movement yet hold our muscles in position. Heat production contraction of muscles produces most of the heat required to maintain body temperature.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle fibers) and connective tissue. Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a moveable joint between them. The attachment to the bone that does not move is the origin. The attachment to the bone that moves is the insertion. Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons are made of dense fibrous connective tissue. Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Bursae small fluid filled sacs that lie between some tendons and the bones beneath them. They are made of connective tissue and are lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Microscopic anatomy Muscle cells (fibers) are grouped in a highly organized way in the muscle. The membrane that surrounds the muscle cell is called the sarcolemma. Muscle cells are filled with 2 types of fine threadlike proteins called myofilaments: myosin (thick) and actin (thin). These structures slide past each other causing the muscle cell to contract or shorten. The myofilaments are arranged in the cells in small units called sarcomeres.
Muscle Contraction Sequence Electrical impulse travels down a motor neuron. When it reaches the end, acetylcholine (chemical) is released into the synapse. Acetylcholine bind to special receptors on the muscle cell and causes an electrical impulse to spread over the cell. The sarcomeres shorten and the muscle cell contracts.
MUSCLE MYOFIBRIL MUSCLE FIBER SARCOMERE
Muscular
Sarcomere Z A Z A Z I Z Z Z
Movement of Muscles Origin: the attachment origin of the muscle to the bone that remains stationary belly Insertion: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves insertion Belly: the fleshy part of the muscle between the tendons of origin and/or insertion
Movement of skeletal muscle -These muscles move when the br ain sends messages to the muscle Always work in pairs 2 movements of skeletal muscle Contr action (shorten) Extension (lengthen)
Categories of skeletal muscle actions Categories Actions Extensor Increases the angle at a joint Flexor Decreases the angle at a joint Abductor Moves limb away from midline of body Adductor Moves limb toward midline of body Levator Moves insertion upward Depressor Moves insertion downward Rotator Rotates a bone along its axis Sphincter Constricts an opening
Muscular
Practice these Movements 1. Bend arm - biceps contr act - triceps e xtend 2. Str aighten arm - biceps extend - triceps contr act 3. Bend knee - quadriceps extend - hamstrings contr act
More Movements 4. Str aighten knee - quadriceps contr act - hamstrings extend 5. Crunches - abdomen contr act - back muscles extend 6. Point toes - calf muscle contr act - shin muscle extend
Muscles Named by Location Epicr anius (around cranium) Tibialis anterior tibialis (front of tibia) anterior
Naming Skeletal Muscles Trapezius Shape: deltoid (triangle) trapezius (trapezoid, Deltoid 2 parallel sides) serratus (saw- toothed) rhomboideus (rhomboid, 4 parallel sides) orbicularis and Rhomboideus sphincters major (circular) Serratus anterior
Muscles Named by Size Psoas maximus (largest) minor minimis (smallest) Psoas longus (longest) major brevis (short) major (large) minor (small)
Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers Rectus (straight) Rectus abdominis -parallel to long axis Transverse External Oblique oblique
Muscles Named for Number of Origins Biceps brachii Biceps (2) Triceps (3) Quadriceps (4)
Muscles Named for Origin and Insertion Sternocleidoma stoid originates from sternum and insertio clavicle and n inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone origins
Muscles Named for Action Flexor carpi radialis (extensor carpi radialis) flexes wrist Abductor pollicis brevis (adductor pollicis) Adductor flexes thumb magnus Abductor magnus abducts thigh Extensor digitorum extends fingers
Arr angement of Fascicles Par allel strap-like ex: sartorius Fusiform spindle shaped ex: biceps femoris
Arr angement of Fascicles Pennate "feather shaped Unipennate ex: extensor digitorum longus Bipennate ex: rectus femoris Multipennate ex: deltoid
Arr angement of Fascicles Convergent ex: pectoralis major Circular sphincters ex: orbicularis oris
Muscular System Diseases and Disorders Fibromyalgia Chronic, widespread pain in specific muscle sites. Symptoms : 1. Muscle stiffness 2. Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs 3. Fatigue 4. Sleep disturbances 5. Headaches 6. Depression
Muscular Dystrophy Group of inherited diseases Leads to a chronic progressive muscle atrophy (muscles shrink in size and lose strength) Usually appears in early childhood Most types result in total disability and early death
Myasthenia Gravis Chronic condition in which nerve impulses are not transmitted properly to the muscles Leads to progressive muscular weakness and paralysis Fatal when it affects respiratory muscles
Muscle Spasms or Cramps Sudden, painful, involuntary contractions of muscles Usually occur in legs or feet May result from overexertion, low electrolyte levels, or poor circulation
Strain Overstretching or injury to a muscle and/or tendons Frequent sites include the back, arms, and legs Prolonged or sudden muscle exertion is usually cause
Hernias Protrusion of an abdominal organ through an opening in the abdominal wall. Usually due to weakness of the abdominal muscles
TRIVIA! How many muscles are there in the human body? Answer: 640 Muscles The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass. What is the longest muscle in the body? Answer: The Sartorius The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards. What is the smallest muscle in the body? Answer: The Stapedius The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing. What is the biggest muscle in the body? Answer: The Gluteus Maximus The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking and running.
There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is easier than frowning . It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown. Smile and make someone happy .
The end ! ZOO FRIENDS

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Muscular

  • 1. Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to move.
  • 4. Functions of the Muscles Movement Maintenance of posture and muscle tone Heat production Protects the bones and internal organs.
  • 5. Muscle Classification Functionally Voluntarily can be moved at will Involuntarily cant be moved intentionally Structur ally Striated have stripes across the fiber Smooth no striations
  • 6. The 3 T ypes of Muscles 3 T y p e s o f M u s c le s S k e le t a l M u s c le S m o o t h M u s c le C a r d ia c M u s c le
  • 7. Smooth Muscle Fibers are thin and spindle shaped. No striations Single nuclei Involuntary Contr acts slowly
  • 8. Smooth Muscle They fatigue but very slowly Found in the circulatory system Lining of the blood vessels Helps in the circulation of the blood Found in the digestive system Esophagus, stomach, intestine Controls digestion Found in the respir atory system Controls breathing Found in the urinary system Urinary bladder Controls urination
  • 9. Cardiac Muscle Cells are branched and appear fused with one another Has striations Each cell has a central nuclei Involuntary
  • 10. Cardiac Muscle Found ONLY in the heart Contractions of the heart muscles pump blood throughout the body and account for the heartbeat.
  • 11. Skeletal Muscle Fibers are long and cylindrical Has many nuclei Has striations -Have alternating dark and light bands Voluntary
  • 13. Functions of Skeletal Muscle Maintenance of posture or muscle tone We are able to maintain our body position because of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These contractions dont produce movement yet hold our muscles in position. Heat production contraction of muscles produces most of the heat required to maintain body temperature.
  • 14. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscle fibers) and connective tissue. Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have a moveable joint between them. The attachment to the bone that does not move is the origin. The attachment to the bone that moves is the insertion. Tendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons are made of dense fibrous connective tissue. Ligaments connect bone to bone at a joint.
  • 15. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Bursae small fluid filled sacs that lie between some tendons and the bones beneath them. They are made of connective tissue and are lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid.
  • 16. Structure of Skeletal Muscle Microscopic anatomy Muscle cells (fibers) are grouped in a highly organized way in the muscle. The membrane that surrounds the muscle cell is called the sarcolemma. Muscle cells are filled with 2 types of fine threadlike proteins called myofilaments: myosin (thick) and actin (thin). These structures slide past each other causing the muscle cell to contract or shorten. The myofilaments are arranged in the cells in small units called sarcomeres.
  • 17. Muscle Contraction Sequence Electrical impulse travels down a motor neuron. When it reaches the end, acetylcholine (chemical) is released into the synapse. Acetylcholine bind to special receptors on the muscle cell and causes an electrical impulse to spread over the cell. The sarcomeres shorten and the muscle cell contracts.
  • 18. MUSCLE MYOFIBRIL MUSCLE FIBER SARCOMERE
  • 20. Sarcomere Z A Z A Z I Z Z Z
  • 21. Movement of Muscles Origin: the attachment origin of the muscle to the bone that remains stationary belly Insertion: the attachment of the muscle to the bone that moves insertion Belly: the fleshy part of the muscle between the tendons of origin and/or insertion
  • 22. Movement of skeletal muscle -These muscles move when the br ain sends messages to the muscle Always work in pairs 2 movements of skeletal muscle Contr action (shorten) Extension (lengthen)
  • 23. Categories of skeletal muscle actions Categories Actions Extensor Increases the angle at a joint Flexor Decreases the angle at a joint Abductor Moves limb away from midline of body Adductor Moves limb toward midline of body Levator Moves insertion upward Depressor Moves insertion downward Rotator Rotates a bone along its axis Sphincter Constricts an opening
  • 25. Practice these Movements 1. Bend arm - biceps contr act - triceps e xtend 2. Str aighten arm - biceps extend - triceps contr act 3. Bend knee - quadriceps extend - hamstrings contr act
  • 26. More Movements 4. Str aighten knee - quadriceps contr act - hamstrings extend 5. Crunches - abdomen contr act - back muscles extend 6. Point toes - calf muscle contr act - shin muscle extend
  • 27. Muscles Named by Location Epicr anius (around cranium) Tibialis anterior tibialis (front of tibia) anterior
  • 28. Naming Skeletal Muscles Trapezius Shape: deltoid (triangle) trapezius (trapezoid, Deltoid 2 parallel sides) serratus (saw- toothed) rhomboideus (rhomboid, 4 parallel sides) orbicularis and Rhomboideus sphincters major (circular) Serratus anterior
  • 29. Muscles Named by Size Psoas maximus (largest) minor minimis (smallest) Psoas longus (longest) major brevis (short) major (large) minor (small)
  • 30. Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers Rectus (straight) Rectus abdominis -parallel to long axis Transverse External Oblique oblique
  • 31. Muscles Named for Number of Origins Biceps brachii Biceps (2) Triceps (3) Quadriceps (4)
  • 32. Muscles Named for Origin and Insertion Sternocleidoma stoid originates from sternum and insertio clavicle and n inserts on mastoid process of temporal bone origins
  • 33. Muscles Named for Action Flexor carpi radialis (extensor carpi radialis) flexes wrist Abductor pollicis brevis (adductor pollicis) Adductor flexes thumb magnus Abductor magnus abducts thigh Extensor digitorum extends fingers
  • 34. Arr angement of Fascicles Par allel strap-like ex: sartorius Fusiform spindle shaped ex: biceps femoris
  • 35. Arr angement of Fascicles Pennate "feather shaped Unipennate ex: extensor digitorum longus Bipennate ex: rectus femoris Multipennate ex: deltoid
  • 36. Arr angement of Fascicles Convergent ex: pectoralis major Circular sphincters ex: orbicularis oris
  • 37. Muscular System Diseases and Disorders Fibromyalgia Chronic, widespread pain in specific muscle sites. Symptoms : 1. Muscle stiffness 2. Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs 3. Fatigue 4. Sleep disturbances 5. Headaches 6. Depression
  • 38. Muscular Dystrophy Group of inherited diseases Leads to a chronic progressive muscle atrophy (muscles shrink in size and lose strength) Usually appears in early childhood Most types result in total disability and early death
  • 39. Myasthenia Gravis Chronic condition in which nerve impulses are not transmitted properly to the muscles Leads to progressive muscular weakness and paralysis Fatal when it affects respiratory muscles
  • 40. Muscle Spasms or Cramps Sudden, painful, involuntary contractions of muscles Usually occur in legs or feet May result from overexertion, low electrolyte levels, or poor circulation
  • 41. Strain Overstretching or injury to a muscle and/or tendons Frequent sites include the back, arms, and legs Prolonged or sudden muscle exertion is usually cause
  • 42. Hernias Protrusion of an abdominal organ through an opening in the abdominal wall. Usually due to weakness of the abdominal muscles
  • 43. TRIVIA! How many muscles are there in the human body? Answer: 640 Muscles The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass. What is the longest muscle in the body? Answer: The Sartorius The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards. What is the smallest muscle in the body? Answer: The Stapedius The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing. What is the biggest muscle in the body? Answer: The Gluteus Maximus The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking and running.
  • 44. There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is easier than frowning . It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown. Smile and make someone happy .
  • 45. The end ! ZOO FRIENDS