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Maria Fatima Parro
Maria Fatima Parro

I tried to write my own book. It is not yet complete, but I hope you learn something on the concept of reproduction.

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2 I. MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What do you call the manner by which an organism produces an offspring? A. Growth B. Reproduction C. Adaptation D. Homeostasis 2. In sexual reproduction, gametes are fused as part of the fertilization process. Which of the following are gametes? A. Nerve cell and adipose cell B. Somatic cells C. Lymphocyte and erythrocyte D. Sperm and egg 3. Which of the following organisms undergo asexual reproduction? A. Aspidoscelis tigris B. Simiiformes catarrhini C. Felis catus D. Homo sapiens sapiens 4. What do you call the kind of asexual reproduction wherein the egg cell develops into a new organism without being fertilized? A. Fragmentation B. Binary Fission C. Budding D. Parthenogenesis 5. What do you call the kind off organism which possesses both the male and female reproductive organ and can reproduce on its own? A. Marsupials B. Osteichthyes C. Hermaphrodites D. Oocytes Chapter 1 Pre-test: Reproduction Note: Do not proceed to the next page without answering and checking the pre-test. The answer key will be provided by your teacher.
3 Each living organism abiding in this planet has the capacity to reproduce. This is an important manner on how these species could be preserved so as to prevent extinction. Only living organisms has can reproduce as it generates copies of the genetic material that is transferred from one species to another. Reproduction can either be sexual or asexual. 1.1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION The term asexual reproduction1 is the process by which living organisms produce its offspring without the fusion of gametes. This process is also termed as agamogenesis2 since fertilization and meiosis will most likely not occur in the process. There are different unicellular prokaryotic and unicellular and/or multicellular eukaryotic organisms which undergo asexual reproduction such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Methanobrevibacter smithii, Hydra oligactis (brown hydra), Candida albicans (yeast), Aspidoscelis tigris (Western whiptail lizard), and Carcharhinus limbatus (blacktip shark) among others. Also, there are some microorganisms such as Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS), a probiotic good bacteria found in Yakult products as shown in Figure 1, reproduce asexually through binary fission. This kind of bacteria found in Yakult is non-pathogenic since it does 1 https://byjus.com/biology/asexual- reproduction/#:~:text=Asexual%20reproduction%20is%20a%20mode%20of%20reproduction%20in,i.e.%2C%20the y%20are%20the%20clones%20of%20their%20parent. 2 https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Asexual- Reproduction/196210#:~:text=A%20more%20stringent%20definition%20is%20agamogenesis%20which%20is,Man y%20plants%20and%20fungi%20reproduce%20asexually%20as%20well. Figure 1. Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in Yakult reproduces asexually CHAPTER 1. REPRODUCTION Learning Objective: differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction
4 not cause any disease, instead, it aids in better digestion so as to avoid the occurrence of diarrhea and constipation3 . The asexual reproduction of LcS found in Yakult helps produce more good bacteria which protects the person that consumes it from the acquisition of digestive disorders. There are different ways an organism can reproduce asexually binary fission, multiple fission, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation, regeneration, and parthenogenesis4 . Take note that each kind of asexual reproduction differ in a sense 1.1.1. Binary Fission The first kind of asexual reproduction is binary fission. Binary fission5 as shown in Figure 2, involves the formation of two (2) identical daughter cells after the parent cell divides. Binary fission involves 1) DNA replication, 2) cell growth, 3) DNA segregation, and 4) cell splitting in order to create identical offsprings. Unicellular prokaryotic organisms under archaebacteria and eubacteria reproduce through binary fission. Sample organisms under archaebacteria that undergo binary fission even on extreme environment are Methanocaldococcus jannaschi, Methanopyrus kandleri, Ferroplasma acidophilum, Picrophilus oshimae, and Thermoplasma volcanium while sample organisms under eubacteria that undergo 3 https://drhealthbenefits.com/food-bevarages/beverages/processed-beverages/health-benefits-of- yakult#:~:text=Smooth%20the%20digestive%20system.%20One%20of%20the%20benefits,will%20be%20smooth% 20and%20you%20avoid%20digestive%20disorders. 4 https://factsandhistory.com/common-types-of-asexual-reproduction/ 5 https://askinglot.com/do-eukaryotes-undergo-binary- fission#:~:text=Do%20eukaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%3F%20They%20reproduce%20using,prokaryo tes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%22%20rule%2C%20however%2C%20do%20exist. Figure 2. Binary Fission of Paramecium
5 binary fission are Venenivibrio stagnispumantis, Thermotoga maritima, Nitrospira moscoviensis, Chlorobium limicola, and Bacillus alcalophilus. There are also some unicellular eukaryotic organisms that undergo binary fission such as Paramecium and Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba). 1.1.2. Multiple Fission Multiple Fission6 is a kind of asexual reproduction wherein a parent cell produces multiple identical daughter cells. The process of producing offspring is quite similar to binary fission, but the multiplicity of offsprings in multiple fission ensures the preservation of its species in one setting. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum which causes malaria divides through multiple fission. 1.1.3. Budding The next kind of asexual reproduction is budding7 which involves the formation of a bud from the parent organism which eventually detaches after some time in order to pave a way for it to live on its own. The common organisms that form buds in order to reproduce are Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Hydra. Figure 3 shows the budding process of Hydra as it releases a fully mature bud that eventually develops into an adult hydra. 6 https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-is-multiple-fission-how-does-it-occur-in-an-organism-explain-briefly- name-one/ 7 https://byjus.com/biology/budding/ Figure 3. Budding Process of Hydra
6 1.1.4. Gemmule Formation The process of gemmule formation8 are common in sponges under phylum Porifera such as Cliona Celata (boring sponge) and Spongia officinalis (bath sponge). In this process, gemmules (internal buds) are released by the parent in order for it to develop into a new sponge. Gemmules can be classified into Single or double-layered coats which are enclosed by either mononucleate or binucleate cells and triple-layered coats which are enclosed by binucleate cells. Gemmules as shown in Figure 4 have its inner membrane which is the protoplasmic part, spicule which helps the gemmule to deal with hostile environmental conditions, micropyle outer coat which helps gemmules to float, archaeocytes that contains the glycoprotein or lipoprotein substances that serve as food supplies, and outer pneumatic layer which is enclosed by the endospore where spicules are attached. 1.1.5. Fragmentation There is also a way wherein a species of organism reproduces asexually by means of amputating and splitting the organism into fragments which is also known as fragmentation9 . The fragments later on develop into a new organism such as the one that takes place in flatworms such as planaria as shown in Figure 5, and annelid worms. 8 https://www.vedantu.com/biology/gemmules 9 https://byjus.com/biology/fragmentation/ Figure 4. Structure of Gemmules Figure 5. Fragmentation in Planaria MICROPYLE INNER MEMBRANE ARCHAEOCYTES SPICULES
7 1.1.6. Regeneration Regeneration10 is the process of amputating a part of an organism that develops into a new organism of the same species. This is commonly occurring in the radially symmetrical starfish such as in Asterias rubens (sea star) as shown in Figure 6. 1.1.7. Parthenogenesis The last kind of asexual which will be discussed on this module is parthenogenesis. The term parthenogenesis11 indicates the sudden development of an organism from an unfertilized egg. Since parthenogenesis tend to occur in bees, the diploid (2n) queen bee was able to generate the drone (male honey bee) without undergoing fertilization. Drones appears to lack stingers and eats food only if the worker bee assists them in doing so. Parthenogenesis can either be facultative, natural complete, natural incomplete, and artificial. Facultative parthenogenesis occurs in sharks, Komodo dragons, and crayfish wherein not all of its species produce asexually and if it undergoes parthenogenesis, one (1) egg was fertilized by the three (3) extra cells which acted as the surrogate sperm after the female organism underwent meiosis. This indicates that the genetic composition of the organism came solely from the mother or the female organism. Say for instance, the Carcharhinus 10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_regeneration#:~:text=Regeneration%20phases%201%20Repair%20phase. %20Immediately%20following%20amputation%2C,regenerative%20phase.%20...%203%20Advanced%20regenerati ve%20phase.%20 11 https://byjus.com/biology/parthenogenesis/#:~:text=Parthenogenesis%20is%20important%20for%20the%20foll owing%20reasons%3A%201,organisms%20is%20caused%20by%20parthenogenesis.%20More%20items...%20 Figure 6. Regeneration in star fish Figure 7. Parthenogenesis in Bee
8 limbatus (blacktip shark)12,13 named Tidbit was found to carrying a baby shark without intercourse with another shark. This is due to the fact that it underwent facultative parthenogenesis. This indicates that the offspring produced Tidbit contains purely her genetic material. Natural complete parthenogenesis occurs when the species of microorganisms rely on self-reproduction and species of its kind are all females. Cnemidophorus uniparens14 (grassland whiptail lizard) species tend to reproduce through natural complete parthenogenesis since all of its species are all female and it relies on self-fertilization in order to reproduce species of its own kind. In terms of natural incomplete parthenogenesis, it has natural generation and parthenogenesis generation like that of bees, aphids, ants, and wasps. Lastly, artificial parthenogenesis occurs in organisms using chemicals and other physical means. 1.2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION The sexual reproduction process involves the fusion of gametes- egg cell and sperm cell. Organisms which undergo sexual reproduction may either be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous15 . Oviparous mode of sexual reproduction enables the organism to lay eggs. Chicken, and other species of birds are oviparous organisms as shown in Figure 8. Ovoviviparous are organisms which produces egg inside has no placenta nor umbilical cord. The hatching of the egg occurs inside the body of the mother then the offspring will be released after it matures. Thamnophis sirtalis (garter snake), Trioceros jacksonii (Jacksons chameleon), and Hippocampus sp. (sea horse) are all ovoviviparous organisms. Viviparous organisms are organisms that bear live young. Humans and other mammals are viviparous organisms. 12 https://www.livescience.com/7585-shark-pregnant-males-required.html 13 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/ 14 https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/whiptail- lizard/#:~:text=Desert%20grassland%20whiptail%20lizard%20%28Cnemidophorus%20uniparens%29%20which%2C %20as,parthenogenic%20species%20in%20which%20all%20specimens%20are%20female. 15 https://warbletoncouncil.org/animales-oviparos-viviparos-ovoviviparos- 250#:~:text=Depending%20on%20how%20they%20reproduce%2C%20animals%20can%20be,the%20ovoviviparou s%20the%20eggs%20remain%20inside%20the%20mother. Figure 8. Viviparous Chicken that lay egg
9 References: BYJUS (2022). Asexual reproduction - types, advantages, disadvantages, examples. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://byjus.com/biology/asexual- reproduction/#:~:text=Asexual%20reproduction%20is%20a%20mode%20of%20reproduction%2 0in,i.e.%2C%20they%20are%20the%20clones%20of%20their%20parent Facts and History. (2021). Common types of asexual reproduction. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://factsandhistory.com/common-types-of-asexual-reproduction/ Heben, et al. (2017). 13 proven health benefits of Yakult Probiotic Drink. DrHealthBenefits.com. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://drhealthbenefits.com/food- bevarages/beverages/processed-beverages/health-benefits-of- yakult#:~:text=Smooth%20the%20digestive%20system.%20One%20of%20the%20benefits,will %20be%20smooth%20and%20you%20avoid%20digestive%20disorders https://askinglot.com/do-eukaryotes-undergo-binary- fission#:~:text=Do%20eukaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%3F%20They%20reproduc e%20using,prokaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%22%20rule%2C%20however%2C%2 0do%20exist https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-is-multiple-fission-how-does-it-occur-in-an-organism- explain-briefly-name-one/ https://www.vedantu.com/biology/gemmules https://byjus.com/biology/fragmentation/ https://byjus.com/biology/budding/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_regeneration#:~:text=Regeneration%20phases%201%20Re pair%20phase.%20Immediately%20following%20amputation%2C,regenerative%20phase.%20... %203%20Advanced%20regenerative%20phase.%20 https://byjus.com/biology/parthenogenesis/#:~:text=Parthenogenesis%20is%20important%20for %20the%20following%20reasons%3A%201,organisms%20is%20caused%20by%20parthenogen esis.%20More%20items...%20 https://www.livescience.com/7585-shark-pregnant-males-required.html https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/ https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/whiptail- lizard/#:~:text=Desert%20grassland%20whiptail%20lizard%20%28Cnemidophorus%20uniparen s%29%20which%2C%20as,parthenogenic%20species%20in%20which%20all%20specimens%2 0are%20female. https://warbletoncouncil.org/animales-oviparos-viviparos-ovoviviparos- 250#:~:text=Depending%20on%20how%20they%20reproduce%2C%20animals%20can%20be,t he%20ovoviviparous%20the%20eggs%20remain%20inside%20the%20mother. TermPaperWarehouse. (2008). Asexual reproduction. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Asexual- Reproduction/196210#:~:text=A%20more%20stringent%20definition%20is%20agamogenesis% 20which%20is,Many%20plants%20and%20fungi%20reproduce%20asexually%20as%20well
10 I. MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What is the process wherein organisms reproduce without the fusion of gametes? A. Sexual reproduction B. Asexual reproduction C. Recreation D. Reincarnation 2. What is the product of binary fission? a. One (1) identical daughter cell b. Two (2) identical daughter cells c. Three (3) or more identical daughter cells d. None of the above 3. Which of the following organisms dont undergo parthenogenesis? a. Komodo dragon b. Shark c. Chicken d. Lizard 4. What do you call the kind of asexual reproduction wherein organism develops from an unfertilized egg? a. Fragmentation b. Regeneration c. Budding d. Parthenogenesis 5. Do you think all birds are oviparous? a. Yes, I agree because all birds lay eggs. b. No, I dont agree because not all birds carry live young. c. No, I dont agree because not all birds lay eggs. d. Yes, I agree because all birds carry live young. Chapter 1 Posttest: Reproduction
11 II. ESSAY 1. What do you think are the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. What are the different kinds of asexual reproduction? What makes each kind different from one another? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. What are the different kinds of sexual reproduction? What makes each kind different from one another? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Note: The answer key to the posttest will be provided by your teacher.
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MyOriginalWrittenBooksample.pdf

  • 1. 1
  • 2. 2 I. MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What do you call the manner by which an organism produces an offspring? A. Growth B. Reproduction C. Adaptation D. Homeostasis 2. In sexual reproduction, gametes are fused as part of the fertilization process. Which of the following are gametes? A. Nerve cell and adipose cell B. Somatic cells C. Lymphocyte and erythrocyte D. Sperm and egg 3. Which of the following organisms undergo asexual reproduction? A. Aspidoscelis tigris B. Simiiformes catarrhini C. Felis catus D. Homo sapiens sapiens 4. What do you call the kind of asexual reproduction wherein the egg cell develops into a new organism without being fertilized? A. Fragmentation B. Binary Fission C. Budding D. Parthenogenesis 5. What do you call the kind off organism which possesses both the male and female reproductive organ and can reproduce on its own? A. Marsupials B. Osteichthyes C. Hermaphrodites D. Oocytes Chapter 1 Pre-test: Reproduction Note: Do not proceed to the next page without answering and checking the pre-test. The answer key will be provided by your teacher.
  • 3. 3 Each living organism abiding in this planet has the capacity to reproduce. This is an important manner on how these species could be preserved so as to prevent extinction. Only living organisms has can reproduce as it generates copies of the genetic material that is transferred from one species to another. Reproduction can either be sexual or asexual. 1.1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION The term asexual reproduction1 is the process by which living organisms produce its offspring without the fusion of gametes. This process is also termed as agamogenesis2 since fertilization and meiosis will most likely not occur in the process. There are different unicellular prokaryotic and unicellular and/or multicellular eukaryotic organisms which undergo asexual reproduction such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Methanobrevibacter smithii, Hydra oligactis (brown hydra), Candida albicans (yeast), Aspidoscelis tigris (Western whiptail lizard), and Carcharhinus limbatus (blacktip shark) among others. Also, there are some microorganisms such as Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS), a probiotic good bacteria found in Yakult products as shown in Figure 1, reproduce asexually through binary fission. This kind of bacteria found in Yakult is non-pathogenic since it does 1 https://byjus.com/biology/asexual- reproduction/#:~:text=Asexual%20reproduction%20is%20a%20mode%20of%20reproduction%20in,i.e.%2C%20the y%20are%20the%20clones%20of%20their%20parent. 2 https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Asexual- Reproduction/196210#:~:text=A%20more%20stringent%20definition%20is%20agamogenesis%20which%20is,Man y%20plants%20and%20fungi%20reproduce%20asexually%20as%20well. Figure 1. Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in Yakult reproduces asexually CHAPTER 1. REPRODUCTION Learning Objective: differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction
  • 4. 4 not cause any disease, instead, it aids in better digestion so as to avoid the occurrence of diarrhea and constipation3 . The asexual reproduction of LcS found in Yakult helps produce more good bacteria which protects the person that consumes it from the acquisition of digestive disorders. There are different ways an organism can reproduce asexually binary fission, multiple fission, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation, regeneration, and parthenogenesis4 . Take note that each kind of asexual reproduction differ in a sense 1.1.1. Binary Fission The first kind of asexual reproduction is binary fission. Binary fission5 as shown in Figure 2, involves the formation of two (2) identical daughter cells after the parent cell divides. Binary fission involves 1) DNA replication, 2) cell growth, 3) DNA segregation, and 4) cell splitting in order to create identical offsprings. Unicellular prokaryotic organisms under archaebacteria and eubacteria reproduce through binary fission. Sample organisms under archaebacteria that undergo binary fission even on extreme environment are Methanocaldococcus jannaschi, Methanopyrus kandleri, Ferroplasma acidophilum, Picrophilus oshimae, and Thermoplasma volcanium while sample organisms under eubacteria that undergo 3 https://drhealthbenefits.com/food-bevarages/beverages/processed-beverages/health-benefits-of- yakult#:~:text=Smooth%20the%20digestive%20system.%20One%20of%20the%20benefits,will%20be%20smooth% 20and%20you%20avoid%20digestive%20disorders. 4 https://factsandhistory.com/common-types-of-asexual-reproduction/ 5 https://askinglot.com/do-eukaryotes-undergo-binary- fission#:~:text=Do%20eukaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%3F%20They%20reproduce%20using,prokaryo tes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%22%20rule%2C%20however%2C%20do%20exist. Figure 2. Binary Fission of Paramecium
  • 5. 5 binary fission are Venenivibrio stagnispumantis, Thermotoga maritima, Nitrospira moscoviensis, Chlorobium limicola, and Bacillus alcalophilus. There are also some unicellular eukaryotic organisms that undergo binary fission such as Paramecium and Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba). 1.1.2. Multiple Fission Multiple Fission6 is a kind of asexual reproduction wherein a parent cell produces multiple identical daughter cells. The process of producing offspring is quite similar to binary fission, but the multiplicity of offsprings in multiple fission ensures the preservation of its species in one setting. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum which causes malaria divides through multiple fission. 1.1.3. Budding The next kind of asexual reproduction is budding7 which involves the formation of a bud from the parent organism which eventually detaches after some time in order to pave a way for it to live on its own. The common organisms that form buds in order to reproduce are Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Hydra. Figure 3 shows the budding process of Hydra as it releases a fully mature bud that eventually develops into an adult hydra. 6 https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-is-multiple-fission-how-does-it-occur-in-an-organism-explain-briefly- name-one/ 7 https://byjus.com/biology/budding/ Figure 3. Budding Process of Hydra
  • 6. 6 1.1.4. Gemmule Formation The process of gemmule formation8 are common in sponges under phylum Porifera such as Cliona Celata (boring sponge) and Spongia officinalis (bath sponge). In this process, gemmules (internal buds) are released by the parent in order for it to develop into a new sponge. Gemmules can be classified into Single or double-layered coats which are enclosed by either mononucleate or binucleate cells and triple-layered coats which are enclosed by binucleate cells. Gemmules as shown in Figure 4 have its inner membrane which is the protoplasmic part, spicule which helps the gemmule to deal with hostile environmental conditions, micropyle outer coat which helps gemmules to float, archaeocytes that contains the glycoprotein or lipoprotein substances that serve as food supplies, and outer pneumatic layer which is enclosed by the endospore where spicules are attached. 1.1.5. Fragmentation There is also a way wherein a species of organism reproduces asexually by means of amputating and splitting the organism into fragments which is also known as fragmentation9 . The fragments later on develop into a new organism such as the one that takes place in flatworms such as planaria as shown in Figure 5, and annelid worms. 8 https://www.vedantu.com/biology/gemmules 9 https://byjus.com/biology/fragmentation/ Figure 4. Structure of Gemmules Figure 5. Fragmentation in Planaria MICROPYLE INNER MEMBRANE ARCHAEOCYTES SPICULES
  • 7. 7 1.1.6. Regeneration Regeneration10 is the process of amputating a part of an organism that develops into a new organism of the same species. This is commonly occurring in the radially symmetrical starfish such as in Asterias rubens (sea star) as shown in Figure 6. 1.1.7. Parthenogenesis The last kind of asexual which will be discussed on this module is parthenogenesis. The term parthenogenesis11 indicates the sudden development of an organism from an unfertilized egg. Since parthenogenesis tend to occur in bees, the diploid (2n) queen bee was able to generate the drone (male honey bee) without undergoing fertilization. Drones appears to lack stingers and eats food only if the worker bee assists them in doing so. Parthenogenesis can either be facultative, natural complete, natural incomplete, and artificial. Facultative parthenogenesis occurs in sharks, Komodo dragons, and crayfish wherein not all of its species produce asexually and if it undergoes parthenogenesis, one (1) egg was fertilized by the three (3) extra cells which acted as the surrogate sperm after the female organism underwent meiosis. This indicates that the genetic composition of the organism came solely from the mother or the female organism. Say for instance, the Carcharhinus 10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_regeneration#:~:text=Regeneration%20phases%201%20Repair%20phase. %20Immediately%20following%20amputation%2C,regenerative%20phase.%20...%203%20Advanced%20regenerati ve%20phase.%20 11 https://byjus.com/biology/parthenogenesis/#:~:text=Parthenogenesis%20is%20important%20for%20the%20foll owing%20reasons%3A%201,organisms%20is%20caused%20by%20parthenogenesis.%20More%20items...%20 Figure 6. Regeneration in star fish Figure 7. Parthenogenesis in Bee
  • 8. 8 limbatus (blacktip shark)12,13 named Tidbit was found to carrying a baby shark without intercourse with another shark. This is due to the fact that it underwent facultative parthenogenesis. This indicates that the offspring produced Tidbit contains purely her genetic material. Natural complete parthenogenesis occurs when the species of microorganisms rely on self-reproduction and species of its kind are all females. Cnemidophorus uniparens14 (grassland whiptail lizard) species tend to reproduce through natural complete parthenogenesis since all of its species are all female and it relies on self-fertilization in order to reproduce species of its own kind. In terms of natural incomplete parthenogenesis, it has natural generation and parthenogenesis generation like that of bees, aphids, ants, and wasps. Lastly, artificial parthenogenesis occurs in organisms using chemicals and other physical means. 1.2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION The sexual reproduction process involves the fusion of gametes- egg cell and sperm cell. Organisms which undergo sexual reproduction may either be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous15 . Oviparous mode of sexual reproduction enables the organism to lay eggs. Chicken, and other species of birds are oviparous organisms as shown in Figure 8. Ovoviviparous are organisms which produces egg inside has no placenta nor umbilical cord. The hatching of the egg occurs inside the body of the mother then the offspring will be released after it matures. Thamnophis sirtalis (garter snake), Trioceros jacksonii (Jacksons chameleon), and Hippocampus sp. (sea horse) are all ovoviviparous organisms. Viviparous organisms are organisms that bear live young. Humans and other mammals are viviparous organisms. 12 https://www.livescience.com/7585-shark-pregnant-males-required.html 13 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/ 14 https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/whiptail- lizard/#:~:text=Desert%20grassland%20whiptail%20lizard%20%28Cnemidophorus%20uniparens%29%20which%2C %20as,parthenogenic%20species%20in%20which%20all%20specimens%20are%20female. 15 https://warbletoncouncil.org/animales-oviparos-viviparos-ovoviviparos- 250#:~:text=Depending%20on%20how%20they%20reproduce%2C%20animals%20can%20be,the%20ovoviviparou s%20the%20eggs%20remain%20inside%20the%20mother. Figure 8. Viviparous Chicken that lay egg
  • 9. 9 References: BYJUS (2022). Asexual reproduction - types, advantages, disadvantages, examples. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://byjus.com/biology/asexual- reproduction/#:~:text=Asexual%20reproduction%20is%20a%20mode%20of%20reproduction%2 0in,i.e.%2C%20they%20are%20the%20clones%20of%20their%20parent Facts and History. (2021). Common types of asexual reproduction. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://factsandhistory.com/common-types-of-asexual-reproduction/ Heben, et al. (2017). 13 proven health benefits of Yakult Probiotic Drink. DrHealthBenefits.com. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://drhealthbenefits.com/food- bevarages/beverages/processed-beverages/health-benefits-of- yakult#:~:text=Smooth%20the%20digestive%20system.%20One%20of%20the%20benefits,will %20be%20smooth%20and%20you%20avoid%20digestive%20disorders https://askinglot.com/do-eukaryotes-undergo-binary- fission#:~:text=Do%20eukaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%3F%20They%20reproduc e%20using,prokaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%22%20rule%2C%20however%2C%2 0do%20exist https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-is-multiple-fission-how-does-it-occur-in-an-organism- explain-briefly-name-one/ https://www.vedantu.com/biology/gemmules https://byjus.com/biology/fragmentation/ https://byjus.com/biology/budding/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_regeneration#:~:text=Regeneration%20phases%201%20Re pair%20phase.%20Immediately%20following%20amputation%2C,regenerative%20phase.%20... %203%20Advanced%20regenerative%20phase.%20 https://byjus.com/biology/parthenogenesis/#:~:text=Parthenogenesis%20is%20important%20for %20the%20following%20reasons%3A%201,organisms%20is%20caused%20by%20parthenogen esis.%20More%20items...%20 https://www.livescience.com/7585-shark-pregnant-males-required.html https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/ https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/whiptail- lizard/#:~:text=Desert%20grassland%20whiptail%20lizard%20%28Cnemidophorus%20uniparen s%29%20which%2C%20as,parthenogenic%20species%20in%20which%20all%20specimens%2 0are%20female. https://warbletoncouncil.org/animales-oviparos-viviparos-ovoviviparos- 250#:~:text=Depending%20on%20how%20they%20reproduce%2C%20animals%20can%20be,t he%20ovoviviparous%20the%20eggs%20remain%20inside%20the%20mother. TermPaperWarehouse. (2008). Asexual reproduction. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Asexual- Reproduction/196210#:~:text=A%20more%20stringent%20definition%20is%20agamogenesis% 20which%20is,Many%20plants%20and%20fungi%20reproduce%20asexually%20as%20well
  • 10. 10 I. MULTIPLE CHOICE Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. What is the process wherein organisms reproduce without the fusion of gametes? A. Sexual reproduction B. Asexual reproduction C. Recreation D. Reincarnation 2. What is the product of binary fission? a. One (1) identical daughter cell b. Two (2) identical daughter cells c. Three (3) or more identical daughter cells d. None of the above 3. Which of the following organisms dont undergo parthenogenesis? a. Komodo dragon b. Shark c. Chicken d. Lizard 4. What do you call the kind of asexual reproduction wherein organism develops from an unfertilized egg? a. Fragmentation b. Regeneration c. Budding d. Parthenogenesis 5. Do you think all birds are oviparous? a. Yes, I agree because all birds lay eggs. b. No, I dont agree because not all birds carry live young. c. No, I dont agree because not all birds lay eggs. d. Yes, I agree because all birds carry live young. Chapter 1 Posttest: Reproduction
  • 11. 11 II. ESSAY 1. What do you think are the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. What are the different kinds of asexual reproduction? What makes each kind different from one another? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. What are the different kinds of sexual reproduction? What makes each kind different from one another? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Note: The answer key to the posttest will be provided by your teacher.
  • 12. 12