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This document discusses weed control programs for Roundup Ready maize in Europe. It begins by providing global and EU production statistics for maize to establish its importance. It then outlines the major weeds found in European maize and current control strategies. The document proposes 4 concepts for weed control in Roundup Ready maize that involve applying Roundup alone or in combination with other herbicides. It presents trial results showing Roundup Ready maize can provide effective weed control. Finally, it argues Roundup Ready maize will increase sustainability of weed management in Europe by adding another mode of action and protect maize yield potential.

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Weed Control Programs in Roundup Ready® Maize Dr Norbert Muelleder 24 March 2010 Monsanto International SA
Global Importance of Maize Plantings Production (million ha) (million tons) Maize (global) 157.0 787 Wheat (global) 224.0 684 Rice (global) 155.0 441 Grain maize (EU 27) 8.9 61 Silage maize (EU27) 5.1 209 http://www.maiskomitee.de/ (June 2009)
Role of Maize in the EU 27 Crop Rotation Maize area % area Member State (1.000 ha) corn after corn France 3127.6 31% Romania 2819.6 41% Germany 1738.9 19% Italy 1411.7 43% Hungary 1308.5 14% Poland 656.7 30% Spain 507.4 29% Bulgaria 380.9 35% Czech Rep. 281.3 11% Austria 252.5 21% Netherlands 249.1 66% Slovakia 245.1 11% Belgium 215.0 32% Greece 200.0 29% Portugal 162.0 29% Analysis of the economic, social and environmental impacts of options for the longterm EU strategy against Diabrotica virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm), a regulated harmful organism of maize, to support the drafting of the Commission Impact Assessment. (Final report). European Commission, DG SANCO, Rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Brussels, 04.06.2009
Major Weeds in European Maize Production (Bi)Annual dicots Annual grasses Perennial dicots Perennial grasses Amaranthus retroflexus Alopecurus myosuroides Cirsium arvense Agropyron repens Capsella bursa-pastoris Digitaria sp. Convolvulus arvensis Cynodon dactylon Chenopodium album Echinochloa crus-galli Cyperus rotundus Datura stramonium Poa annua Sorghum halepense Galium aparine Setaria sp. Lamium sp. Major weed control strategies in European maize production: Matricaria sp. • Around 50 maize selective active substances on Annex 1 of EU Directive Polygonum sp. 91/414. General trend goes to less compounds in the future. Solanum nigrum • Between 14 and 33 active substances registered per member state Stellaria media • Herbicides are usually mixed to control the local weed flora • 1 or 2 (seldom 3) herbicide applications per maize crop Veronica sp. • Application timings differ widely. There is a tendency towards pre- Xanthium sp. emergence applications in Southern Europe and to post emergence treatements in Northern Europe. Geranium sp.
Weed Competition in Maize weed sensitive period 3 6 8 corn leaf stage
RR Maize Weed Control Concept 1 2. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) 1. residual herbicide pre-emergence 3 6 8 corn leaf stage 1. Apply any registered residual maize herbicide at reduced rate before emergence of corn 2. Control later emerging weeds with Roundup (max 1080 g ae) by respecting a) weed height: less than 10 cm b) corn growth stage: latest at 3 leaf stage 6
RR Maize Weed Control Concept 2 2. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) 1. tank mix Roundup (max. 1080 only if neccessary g ae) and residual herbicide 3 6 8 corn leaf stage 1. Apply a tank mix of Roundup and a compatible residual maize herbicide (at reduced rate) at 3 leaf stage of corn 2. In case of high weed pressure apply Roundup again In both cases the application timing is triggered like in concept 1 by weed height (less than 10 cm) and crop growth stage 7
RR Maize Weed Control Concept 3 2. Roundup 1. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) (max. 1080 g ae) 3 6 8 corn leaf stage 1. Apply Roundup at 3 leaf stage of corn 2. Depending on weed pressure apply Roundup a second time latest at 8 leaf stage of corn In both cases the application timing is triggered by weed height (less than 10 cm) and crop growth stage (the pure Roundup concept is a prerequisite to register Roundup over the top in Roundup Ready maize) 8
RR Maize Weed Control Concept 4 Roundup (max. 1440 g ae) 8 corn leaf stage Especially in warmer climates the late control of perennial weeds like Convolvulus arvensis is a major concern in maize production The Roundup Ready system in maize offers a new solution for this problem Start with concept 1 to 3 at max 720 g ae of Roundup at the 1st application Apply 1440 g ae of Roundup latest at 8 leaf stage of corn when perennial weeds have sufficient leaf area for take up of glyphosate 9
Tested Partner Herbicides for RR corn Brand name(s) Active ingredient HRAC / Herbicide class Company Harness, Guardian Acetochlor K3 / Chloroacetamides Monsanto / Dow Dual Gold s-Metolachlor K3 / Chloroacetamides Syngenta Spectrum, Frontier Dimethenamid-p K3 / Chloroacetamides BASF Successor Pethoxamid K3 / Chloroacetamides Staehler Int. Click, Chac,…. Terbuthylazine C1 / PS II Inhibitor several Clio Topramezone F2 / Inh. of 4-HPPD BASF Merlin / Emerode Isoxaflutol F2 / Inh. of 4-HPPD Bayer Banvel Dicamba O / Benzoic acid Syngenta Stomp SC Pendimethalin K1 / Dinitroaniline BASF 10
EU 27 RR Maize Field Trial Activities (stripes) S DK RUS UK IRL PL NL D UA CZ SK A H F CH RO BG I P ES GR 11
Weed control in RR Maize in Northern Europe comparison of pre-emergence versus full post program (5 trials, CZ 2009) % control t /ha
Weed control in RR Maize in Southern Europe comparison of pre-emergence and post program (3 trials, Spain 2009) % control t /ha
Glyphosate Resistant Major Weeds in European Weed Biotypes Maize Production Amaranthus palmeri Agropyron repens Polygonum sp. Amaranthus rudis Alopecurus myosuroides Setaria sp. Ambrosia artemisiifolia Amaranthus retroflexus Solanum nigrum Ambrosia trifida Capsella bursa-pastoris Sorghum halepense Conyza bonariensis Chenopodium album Stellaria media Conyza canadensis Cirsium arvense Veronica sp. Digitaria insularis Convolvulus arvensis Xanthium sp. Echinochloa colona Cynodon dactylon Eleusine indica Cyperus rotundus Euphorbia heterophylla Datura stramonium Kochia scoparia Digitaria ssp. Lolium multiflorum Echinochloa crus-galli Lolium rigidum Galium aparine Parthenium hysterophorus Geranium sp. Plantago lanceolata Lamium sp. Sorghum halepense Matricaria sp. Urochloa panicoides Poa annua
Risks for the Sustainability of Integrated Weed Management Risk Level Management Option LOW MODERATE HIGH > 2 modes of 2 modes of 1 mode of Herbicide use in cropping system action action action Cultural, Cultural and Weed control in cropping system mechanical and chemical Chemical only chemical Same mode of action per season Once More than once Many times Cropping system Full rotation Limited rotation No rotation Resistance status to mode of action Unknown Limited Common Weed infestation Low Moderate High Control in last 3 years Good Declining Poor Proper usage (rate / timing) Yes Unsure No 15
Sustainability of Integrated Weed Management in current European Maize Production ( ) compared to RR system ( ) Risk Level Management Option LOW MODERATE HIGH > 2 modes of 2 modes of 1 mode of Herbicide use in cropping system action action action Cultural, Cultural and Weed control in cropping system mechanical and chemical Chemical only chemical Same mode of action per season Once More than once Many times Cropping system Full rotation Limited rotation No rotation Resistance status to mode of action Unknown Limited Common Weed infestation Low Moderate High Control in last 3 years Good Declining Poor Proper usage (rate / timing) Yes Unsure No 16
Summary • Maize production is of increasing importance for food and feed supply from a worldwide and a European perspective. • A major threat to maize productivity is weed competition for water, nutrients and light in early growth stages. – Best possible weed control is necessary to protect the yield potential of the crop irrespective of the production system. • The Roundup Ready maize system offers 4 additional weed control strategies to the maize production in Europe. • Roundup Ready maize is a flexible tool for consistent and selective weed control in Europe that protects the yield potential of the crop. • Roundup Ready maize will increase in a cost effective way the sustainability of integrated weed management in European farming by adding a mode of action for weed control • The combination of Roundup Ready maize with other traits (insect protection, drought tolerance,..) will address further challenges in European agriculture.
in case you are curious: this is just a white whole NK 603 launch in Europe – June 2008 - NM

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N Muelleder

  • 1. Weed Control Programs in Roundup Ready® Maize Dr Norbert Muelleder 24 March 2010 Monsanto International SA
  • 2. Global Importance of Maize Plantings Production (million ha) (million tons) Maize (global) 157.0 787 Wheat (global) 224.0 684 Rice (global) 155.0 441 Grain maize (EU 27) 8.9 61 Silage maize (EU27) 5.1 209 http://www.maiskomitee.de/ (June 2009)
  • 3. Role of Maize in the EU 27 Crop Rotation Maize area % area Member State (1.000 ha) corn after corn France 3127.6 31% Romania 2819.6 41% Germany 1738.9 19% Italy 1411.7 43% Hungary 1308.5 14% Poland 656.7 30% Spain 507.4 29% Bulgaria 380.9 35% Czech Rep. 281.3 11% Austria 252.5 21% Netherlands 249.1 66% Slovakia 245.1 11% Belgium 215.0 32% Greece 200.0 29% Portugal 162.0 29% Analysis of the economic, social and environmental impacts of options for the longterm EU strategy against Diabrotica virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm), a regulated harmful organism of maize, to support the drafting of the Commission Impact Assessment. (Final report). European Commission, DG SANCO, Rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Brussels, 04.06.2009
  • 4. Major Weeds in European Maize Production (Bi)Annual dicots Annual grasses Perennial dicots Perennial grasses Amaranthus retroflexus Alopecurus myosuroides Cirsium arvense Agropyron repens Capsella bursa-pastoris Digitaria sp. Convolvulus arvensis Cynodon dactylon Chenopodium album Echinochloa crus-galli Cyperus rotundus Datura stramonium Poa annua Sorghum halepense Galium aparine Setaria sp. Lamium sp. Major weed control strategies in European maize production: Matricaria sp. • Around 50 maize selective active substances on Annex 1 of EU Directive Polygonum sp. 91/414. General trend goes to less compounds in the future. Solanum nigrum • Between 14 and 33 active substances registered per member state Stellaria media • Herbicides are usually mixed to control the local weed flora • 1 or 2 (seldom 3) herbicide applications per maize crop Veronica sp. • Application timings differ widely. There is a tendency towards pre- Xanthium sp. emergence applications in Southern Europe and to post emergence treatements in Northern Europe. Geranium sp.
  • 5. Weed Competition in Maize weed sensitive period 3 6 8 corn leaf stage
  • 6. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 1 2. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) 1. residual herbicide pre-emergence 3 6 8 corn leaf stage 1. Apply any registered residual maize herbicide at reduced rate before emergence of corn 2. Control later emerging weeds with Roundup (max 1080 g ae) by respecting a) weed height: less than 10 cm b) corn growth stage: latest at 3 leaf stage 6
  • 7. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 2 2. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) 1. tank mix Roundup (max. 1080 only if neccessary g ae) and residual herbicide 3 6 8 corn leaf stage 1. Apply a tank mix of Roundup and a compatible residual maize herbicide (at reduced rate) at 3 leaf stage of corn 2. In case of high weed pressure apply Roundup again In both cases the application timing is triggered like in concept 1 by weed height (less than 10 cm) and crop growth stage 7
  • 8. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 3 2. Roundup 1. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae) (max. 1080 g ae) 3 6 8 corn leaf stage 1. Apply Roundup at 3 leaf stage of corn 2. Depending on weed pressure apply Roundup a second time latest at 8 leaf stage of corn In both cases the application timing is triggered by weed height (less than 10 cm) and crop growth stage (the pure Roundup concept is a prerequisite to register Roundup over the top in Roundup Ready maize) 8
  • 9. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 4 Roundup (max. 1440 g ae) 8 corn leaf stage Especially in warmer climates the late control of perennial weeds like Convolvulus arvensis is a major concern in maize production The Roundup Ready system in maize offers a new solution for this problem Start with concept 1 to 3 at max 720 g ae of Roundup at the 1st application Apply 1440 g ae of Roundup latest at 8 leaf stage of corn when perennial weeds have sufficient leaf area for take up of glyphosate 9
  • 10. Tested Partner Herbicides for RR corn Brand name(s) Active ingredient HRAC / Herbicide class Company Harness, Guardian Acetochlor K3 / Chloroacetamides Monsanto / Dow Dual Gold s-Metolachlor K3 / Chloroacetamides Syngenta Spectrum, Frontier Dimethenamid-p K3 / Chloroacetamides BASF Successor Pethoxamid K3 / Chloroacetamides Staehler Int. Click, Chac,…. Terbuthylazine C1 / PS II Inhibitor several Clio Topramezone F2 / Inh. of 4-HPPD BASF Merlin / Emerode Isoxaflutol F2 / Inh. of 4-HPPD Bayer Banvel Dicamba O / Benzoic acid Syngenta Stomp SC Pendimethalin K1 / Dinitroaniline BASF 10
  • 11. EU 27 RR Maize Field Trial Activities (stripes) S DK RUS UK IRL PL NL D UA CZ SK A H F CH RO BG I P ES GR 11
  • 12. Weed control in RR Maize in Northern Europe comparison of pre-emergence versus full post program (5 trials, CZ 2009) % control t /ha
  • 13. Weed control in RR Maize in Southern Europe comparison of pre-emergence and post program (3 trials, Spain 2009) % control t /ha
  • 14. Glyphosate Resistant Major Weeds in European Weed Biotypes Maize Production Amaranthus palmeri Agropyron repens Polygonum sp. Amaranthus rudis Alopecurus myosuroides Setaria sp. Ambrosia artemisiifolia Amaranthus retroflexus Solanum nigrum Ambrosia trifida Capsella bursa-pastoris Sorghum halepense Conyza bonariensis Chenopodium album Stellaria media Conyza canadensis Cirsium arvense Veronica sp. Digitaria insularis Convolvulus arvensis Xanthium sp. Echinochloa colona Cynodon dactylon Eleusine indica Cyperus rotundus Euphorbia heterophylla Datura stramonium Kochia scoparia Digitaria ssp. Lolium multiflorum Echinochloa crus-galli Lolium rigidum Galium aparine Parthenium hysterophorus Geranium sp. Plantago lanceolata Lamium sp. Sorghum halepense Matricaria sp. Urochloa panicoides Poa annua
  • 15. Risks for the Sustainability of Integrated Weed Management Risk Level Management Option LOW MODERATE HIGH > 2 modes of 2 modes of 1 mode of Herbicide use in cropping system action action action Cultural, Cultural and Weed control in cropping system mechanical and chemical Chemical only chemical Same mode of action per season Once More than once Many times Cropping system Full rotation Limited rotation No rotation Resistance status to mode of action Unknown Limited Common Weed infestation Low Moderate High Control in last 3 years Good Declining Poor Proper usage (rate / timing) Yes Unsure No 15
  • 16. Sustainability of Integrated Weed Management in current European Maize Production ( ) compared to RR system ( ) Risk Level Management Option LOW MODERATE HIGH > 2 modes of 2 modes of 1 mode of Herbicide use in cropping system action action action Cultural, Cultural and Weed control in cropping system mechanical and chemical Chemical only chemical Same mode of action per season Once More than once Many times Cropping system Full rotation Limited rotation No rotation Resistance status to mode of action Unknown Limited Common Weed infestation Low Moderate High Control in last 3 years Good Declining Poor Proper usage (rate / timing) Yes Unsure No 16
  • 17. Summary • Maize production is of increasing importance for food and feed supply from a worldwide and a European perspective. • A major threat to maize productivity is weed competition for water, nutrients and light in early growth stages. – Best possible weed control is necessary to protect the yield potential of the crop irrespective of the production system. • The Roundup Ready maize system offers 4 additional weed control strategies to the maize production in Europe. • Roundup Ready maize is a flexible tool for consistent and selective weed control in Europe that protects the yield potential of the crop. • Roundup Ready maize will increase in a cost effective way the sustainability of integrated weed management in European farming by adding a mode of action for weed control • The combination of Roundup Ready maize with other traits (insect protection, drought tolerance,..) will address further challenges in European agriculture.
  • 18. in case you are curious: this is just a white whole NK 603 launch in Europe – June 2008 - NM