Natural moisture content
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The natural moisture content, also called the natural water content, is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids in a mass of soil, usually expressed as a percentage. To determine this, a soil sample is weighed, dried in an oven between 105-110 degrees C for 16-24 hours, then weighed again. The loss in weight is the moisture evaporated and the natural moisture content can be calculated from the weights. Certain soils like peat or those containing gypsum require lower drying temperatures or longer drying times.
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油
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- Determining the density of cubes through water displacement and calculating density based on the cube's mass and volume.
- Crushing cubes in a compression testing machine at a rate of 2-4 kg/cm2/second and calculating compressive strength as the crushing load divided by the cube's surface area.
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Introduction
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油
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.Chapter 3 -consolidation notes
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1. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory uses the spring-mass analogy to model the behavior of saturated soil under loading. Pore water pressure dissipates over time as the soil skeleton gains effective stress and the spring compresses.
2. A lab consolidation test subjects an undisturbed soil sample to incremental loading in an oedometer apparatus. Dial gauge readings over time are used to determine consolidation properties like coefficient of consolidation (cv) and compression index (Cc).
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This document describes an experiment to determine the specific gravity of a coarse aggregate sample. It involves measuring the weight of the sample in three conditions: oven-dry, saturated surface dry (SSD), and submerged in water. Using these weights, the apparent specific gravity, bulk specific gravity, bulk SSD specific gravity, and absorption can be calculated. The objective is to determine the specific gravity of a given coarse aggregate sample. The procedure involves preparing, weighing, and drying the sample in different conditions. The data shows the weights measured and calculations to determine the bulk specific gravity (SSD) and absorption.Thermal Analysis of Clay Pot in Pot Refrigerator
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Cooling through evaporation is an ancient effective method of lowering temperature. The simple clay pot refrigerator is ideally suited for preserving vegetarian food and water in hot and dry climates. The refrigeration takes place by evaporation through the porous pot material. The present work includes experimental analysis of a clay pot in pot by varying height of water in the inner pot, by varying water level in the annulus of two pots and by subjecting the pot in pot refrigerator for free and forced convection. Results obtained from experimental analysis shows that Temperature T1 is highest when inner
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The standard penetration test (SPT) involves driving a split spoon sampler into the ground using a 140 lb hammer dropped 30 inches. The number of blows required to penetrate each 6 inch interval is recorded, and the penetration resistance value N is the sum of the blows over the second and third intervals. This test is commonly used to obtain bearing capacity and estimate soil properties like density and shear strength. It is performed whenever the soil stratum changes and at intervals of no more than 1.5 meters.Proctor compaction test
Proctor compaction testFaizan Tanoli
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The document describes the standard Proctor compaction test procedure. The test is used to determine the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soils. It involves compacting soil samples at incrementally increased moisture contents using a specified compaction method. A compaction curve is plotted showing the relationship between dry density and moisture content. The peak of the curve indicates the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density achieved for that soil. The test uses a cylindrical metal mold, rammer, balance, oven and other equipment to compact and analyze the soil samples according to steps that sieve, mix, compact and weigh the soil at different moistures.Grain size analysis
Grain size analysisFaizan Tanoli
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Soil Tests:
Grain size analysis:
Sieve Analysis
Introduction;
Apparatus:
Procedure:
Calculations:Grain size analysis
Grain size analysisFaizan Tanoli
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Soil Tests:
Grain size analysis:
Sieves Analysis
introduction:
Apparatus:
Procedure:
CalculationsField density method (sand replacing method)
Field density method (sand replacing method)Faizan Tanoli
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Soil Tests:
Field density method (sand replacing method)
Introduction:
Apparatus:
Procedure:
Calculations:Atterberg limits
Atterberg limitsFaizan Tanoli
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Soil Tests:
Atterberg Limits:
1-Plastic Limits
2-Liquid Limits
introduction, Procedure,, Measurements ACM, Real world everyday applications of computer science. History of Comp...
ACM, Real world everyday applications of computer science. History of Comp...Faizan Tanoli
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ACM, (10 Points)
Real world everyday applications of computer science.
Software crises.
Information Technology.
History of Computers.
Generations of computers (Five Generations)Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formatio...
Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formatio...Faizan Tanoli
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Field Report On Khewra Salt Mine | Report On Khewra Trip | Different Formations Of Salt Range Area | Geology | Earth Sciences | Paleontology | Stratigraphy
Lithology
Contacts
Properties Of Soil | Chemistry | Environmental Chemistry | Presentation | By:...
Properties Of Soil | Chemistry | Environmental Chemistry | Presentation | By:...Faizan Tanoli
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Soil properties include color, texture, humus, and structure. Color is influenced by mineral content, organic matter, iron, and moisture. It can provide insights into the soil environment. Common colors like white, red, brown, and black indicate different compositions. Texture refers to particle size of sand, silt, and clay. Soil structures include blocky, platy, massive, prismatic, and granular forms. Humus is dark organic matter that provides nutrients and helps retain water. It influences soil color, with higher humus resulting in darker colors.Phylum Mollusca | It's Classes | Characteristics | Features | Presentation | ...
Phylum Mollusca | It's Classes | Characteristics | Features | Presentation | ...Faizan Tanoli
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Phylum Mollusca
Five Classes Of Phylum Mollusca
Characteristics & Features Of Phylum Mollusca
Detail Presentation On Phylum Mollusca
Paleontology | Earth Sciences | Geology | Fossils Study | BiologyThe Development Of Self |Psychology | Presentation | By: Faizan Tanoli
The Development Of Self |Psychology | Presentation | By: Faizan TanoliFaizan Tanoli
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This document discusses the development of self from infancy through adulthood. It notes that infants begin to develop a basic sense of self around 8 months when they experience separation distress from caregivers. Between 18-24 months, most children can recognize their reflection in a mirror. During the preschool years, children understand themselves based on observable traits, but have unrealistically positive self-evaluations. Through school-age and adolescence, the self-concept becomes more complex and integrated as abstract thinking develops, though adolescents may be preoccupied with how others see them. By late adolescence/early adulthood, the conception of self is usually more coherent and internally defined.Recently uploaded (20)
(Journal Club) Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns
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Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patternsThe Solar Systems passage through the Radcliffe wave during the middle Miocene
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As the Solar System orbits the Milky Way, it encounters various Galactic environments, including dense regions of the
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as the Radcliffe wave, raises the question of whether the Sun has encountered any of them.
Aims. The present study investigates the potential passage of the Solar System through the Radcliffe wave gas structure over the past
30 million years (Myr).
Methods. We used a sample of 56 high-quality, young (30 Myr) open clusters associated with a region of interest of the Radcliffe
wave to trace its motion back and investigate a potential crossing with the Solar Systems past orbit.
Results. We find that the Solar Systems trajectory intersected the Radcliffe wave in the Orion region. We have constrained the timing
of this event to between 18.2 and 11.5 Myr ago, with the closest approach occurring between 14.8 and 12.4 Myr ago. Notably, this
period coincides with the Middle Miocene climate transition on Earth, providing an interdisciplinary link with paleoclimatology. The
potential impact of the crossing of the Radcliffe wave on the climate on Earth is estimated. This crossing could also lead to anomalies
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Useful to studentsDetection of ferrihydrite in Martian red dust records ancient cold and wet co...
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Iron oxide-hydroxide minerals in Martian dust provide crucial insights into
Mars past climate and habitability. Previous studies attributed Mars red color
to anhydrous hematite formed through recent weathering. Here, we show that
poorly crystalline ferrihydrite (Fe5O8H 揃 nH2O) is the dominant iron oxidebearing phase in Martian dust, based on combined analyses of orbital, in-situ,
and laboratory visible near-infrared spectra. Spectroscopic analyses indicate
that a hyperfine mixture of ferrihydrite, basalt and sulfate best matches Martian dust observations. Through laboratory experiments and kinetic calculations, we demonstrate that ferrihydrite remains stable under present-day
Martian conditions, preserving its poorly crystalline structure. The persistence
of ferrihydrite suggests it formed during a cold, wet period on early Mars
under oxidative conditions, followed by a transition to the current hyper-arid
environment. This finding challenges previous models of continuous dry oxidation and indicates that ancient Mars experienced aqueous alteration before
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The Sense Organs: Structure and Function of the Eye and Skin | IGCSE Biology
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Lecture slides presented at Aalto University course CHEM-E5175 Materials engineering by thin films (by Prof. Ville Miikkulainen), in a visiting lecture Jan 28, 2025
Contents:
1 Invention of Atomic Layer Epitaxy 1974
2 Microchemistry Ltd and spread of ALE/ALD
3 Independent invention, Molecular Layering 1960s -->
4 Connecting the two independent development branches of ALD
5 Take-home message
(Extra materials on fundamentals of ALD, assumed as background knowledge)
際際滷Share: /slideshow/history-of-atomic-layer-deposition-ald-in-a-nutshell/275984811
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Wepresent the localizationandhostgalaxyofFRB20190208A, arepeatingsourceof fast radiobursts (FRBs) discoveredusingCHIME/FRB.Aspartof thePinpointingREpeatingChImeSourceswithEVNdishesrepeater localizationprogramon theEuropeanVLBINetwork (EVN),wemonitoredFRB20190208Afor 65.6hr at 1.4GHzanddetectedasingleburst,whichledtoitsverylongbaselineinterferometrylocalizationwith260mas uncertainty(2).Follow-upopticalobservationswiththeMMTObservatory(i25.7mag(AB))foundnovisible hostattheFRBposition.SubsequentdeeperobservationswiththeGranTelescopioCanarias,however,revealedan extremelyfaintgalaxy(r=27.32賊0.16mag),verylikely(99.95%)associatedwithFRB20190208A.Giventhe dispersionmeasureoftheFRB(580pccm3),eventhemostconservativeredshiftestimate( ~ z 0.83 max )implies TheAstrophysicalJournalLetters,977:L4(17pp),2024December10 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad8ce1 息2024.TheAuthor(s).PublishedbytheAmericanAstronomicalSociety. 30BantingFellow. 31McGillSpaceInstituteFellow. 32 FRQNTPostdoctoralFellow. Originalcontent fromthisworkmaybeusedunder theterms of theCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0licence.Anyfurther distributionofthisworkmustmaintainattributiontotheauthor(s)andthetitle of thework, journalcitationandDOI. 1The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 977:L4 (17pp), 2024 December 10 Hewitt et al. that this is the lowest-luminosity FRB host to date (108 Le), even less luminous than the dwarf host of FRB20121102A. We investigate how localization precision and the depth of optical imaging affect host association and discuss the implications of such a low-luminosity dwarf galaxy. Unlike the other repeaters with low-luminosity hosts, FRB 20190208A has a modest Faraday rotation measure of a few tens of rad m2, and EVN plus Very Large Array observations reveal no associated compact persistent radio source. We also monitored FRB20190208A for 40.4hr over 2yr as part of the Extragalactic Coherent Light from Astrophysical Transients repeating FRB monitoring campaign on the Nan巽ay Radio Telescope and detected one burst. Our results demonstrate that, in some cases, the robust association of an FRB with a host galaxy will require both high localization precision and deep optical follow-up. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Radio bursts (1339); Radio transient sources (2008); Very long baseline interferometry (1769); Dwarf galaxies (416)Variation and Natural Selection | IGCSE Biology
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this is best note of thermodynamics chemsitry
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Natural moisture content
- 1. Natural Moisture Content Presented By: Faizan Tanoli
- 2. NaturalMoistureContent Introduction: The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio is usually expressed as percentage.
- 3. NaturalMoistureContent Apparatus: 1. Non-corrodible air-tight container. 2. Electric oven, maintain the temperature 3. between 1050 C to 1100 C. 4. Desiccator. 5. Balance of sufficient sensitivity
- 4. NaturalMoistureContent Procedure: 1. Clean the container with lid dry it and weigh it (W1). 2. Take a specimen of the sample in the container and weigh with lid (W2). 3. Keep the container in the oven with lid removed. Dry the specimen to constant weight maintaining the temperature between 1050 C to 1100 C for a period varying with the type of soil but usually 16 to 24 hours. 4. Record the final constant weight (W3) of the container with dried soil sample. Peat and other organic soils are to be dried at lower temperature (say 600 ) possibly for a longer period. Certain soils contain gypsum which on heating loses its water if crystallization. If itb is suspected that gypsum is present in the soil sample used for moisture content determination it shall be dried at not more than 800 C and possibly for a longer time.
- 5. NaturalMoistureContent Observations And Recording: Data and observation sheet for water content determination Average water content = w = 1 + 2 + 3 /3