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NAVIGATIONALAAADDVADVAADAVADAAA AIDS.pptx

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NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Introduction • A navigational aid (also known as aid to navigation, ATON, or navaid) is any sort of marker which aids the traveler in navigation. • The term is most commonly used to refer to nautical or aviation travel. • Common types of such aids include lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons.
• 1)Fixed type: Light house Beacon lights Lights on piers • 2)Floating type: Bouys Lightship TYPES OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Types • Either fixed or floating structures • Structures equipped with the beacon lights, sound warning devices and radar reflectors • Fixed signals – built on land close to the shore or in the sea on submerged outcrop • Light vessels used as floating stations • Depending on the type of service rendered and visibility range, navigational aids classified as – Coast approach light station – Obstruction light station – Approach channel lighting – Harbour light signal
Requirements of Signals • The basic requirements of navigational signals are – Compels attention – Permits time for easy response – Makes its meaning clear at a glance – Commands respect • During night – visible by lights of certain characteristics, intensity and colour • During day time – convey meaning by shape and colour
• For safe , efficient economic and comfortable travel of vessels in rivers,channels harbours and along lake and ocean shores navigation aids are necessary IMPORTANT OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
• To avoid dangerous zones • To follow proper harbour approaches • To locate ports during night and bad weather conditions PURPOSES
Fixed Navigation Structures • Navigation lights on piers, wharves, dolphin, etc. • Beacon lights on breakwaters, shores, etc. • Light houses • The marine beacon light lanterns are mounted on top of metal framed towers for proper visibility by approaching vessels • The beacon lights must be installed at proper height • Different types of the lights to be used can be – Fixed light – Occulting light – Flashing light – Coloured light
Light Houses • Tall tower structures built of masonry or reinforced concrete • Marine beacon light lantern provided on the top of the tower • Tower divided into number of floors • Lower floors – service, stores and living rooms for the maintenance and working of light-house • Erected on points along the shore to guide vessels to a nearby port • Tower should be strong enough to withstand heavy wave action • Foundation – depends upon the soil condition of the area • Hard soil and rocky bed – thick bed of concrete • Marshy locations – deep foundations (piles, caissons) • Basement – stone or concrete blocks. • Usually, they must have a visibility upto 30 km.
LIGHT HOUSE
Beacon Lights • Fixed or flashing for easy identification by the navigator • Used for means of alignment or for indicating changes of direction • Prominent objects or landmarks, natural topographical features or structures are used as beacons • Lights are classified according to their illuminating power • Depending upon the focal diameter of the lens, the lights are classified as – First order light – Second order light – Miscellaneous smaller lights
BEACON LIGHTS
Types of marine beacon light lanterns • Types of lanterns commonly used are closed or open-top single lanterns and closed or open-top duplex lanterns • Closed-top types used exclusively for marine traffic • Open-top types have dual-purpose lenses which primarily serve marine traffic but also divert a portion of the beams upward to serve air traffic • Duplex types used in locations difficult to reach to provide the required candle power without resorting to large-diameter lenses • It allows use of two different coloured lenses when required
NAVIGATIONALAAADDVADVAADAVADAAA AIDS.pptx
• These are two types, 1)Buoys 2)Lightships 1)Buoys • They are small sized floating structures, generally in the form of large cylindrical cans and drums. FLOTING NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Lightships • Used in locations where it is not practical to build light-houses • Small ships displacing about 500 tonnes are used for the purpose • The lightships vary in size • They can be fully manned to small unmanned ones with automatic lights and fog signals • Lantern is generally situated at about 9 to 12m height above water levels • The light apparatus comprises of four pairs of mirror reflectors placed around the light • They are made to revolve at a suitable speed emitting a predetermined number of flashes • Held in position by single anchor
2)Lightships
• In locations where it is not practical to build light houses, small ships displacing about 500 tones are used for the purpose. • The lantern is generally situated at about 9 to 12 m height above water levels. • The bulls of lightships are generally painted with red colour. • They are generally held in position by a single anchor.
• Buoys are of different types: • Channel and entrance demarcation buoys • Luminous buoys • Audible buoys or bell buoys • Mooring buoys
Buoys • Small sized floating structures • Generally in the form of large cylindrical cans and drums • Provided with through stays • Employed for demarcation at entrances, approach channels boundaries , etc. • Two rows of buoys, one along each boundary of the approach channel indicate its width • As per Indian practice, the shape of the buoy is used to indicate its purpose • Mooring buoys – provided at fixed positions in harbour interiors, ships moored during the stay in harbour without using anchors • Wreck buoys – used to locate wrecks in harbour exteriors for open seas, can be used at cable crossing locations
NAVIGATIONALAAADDVADVAADAVADAAA AIDS.pptx
NAVIGATIONALAAADDVADVAADAVADAAA AIDS.pptx
Mooring Buoys • Mooring buoys are a type of buoy, to which, ships can be moored in the deep oceanic areas. • A mooring buoy weighs more than the general type of buoys. • The mooring buoy is designed in a manner that there is a heavier weight located right in the bottom of the sea. • This weight is like an anchor holding the buoy afloat in the water. • A mooring buoy has loops or chains attached to its top that floats on the water. • These chains are provided so that ships or boats can be effectively moored to them. • The entire application of a mooring buoy works in such a way that the buoy is floating while the ships are moored to a very firm support without using the anchor system of halting a ship. • In some parts of the world, mooring buoys are also used to moor boats and ships away from areas where coral reefs thrive.
NAVIGATIONALAAADDVADVAADAVADAAA AIDS.pptx
Sound Signals • During heavy mists or fogs sound or warning signals used • In the form of bells or whistling buoys • In deep waters, where there is always wave motion, bell buoys depend on this motion to actuate bells • Whistling buoys depend on the taking in of air and its expulsion as the buoy

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NAVIGATIONALAAADDVADVAADAVADAAA AIDS.pptx

  • 2. Introduction • A navigational aid (also known as aid to navigation, ATON, or navaid) is any sort of marker which aids the traveler in navigation. • The term is most commonly used to refer to nautical or aviation travel. • Common types of such aids include lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons.
  • 3. • 1)Fixed type: Light house Beacon lights Lights on piers • 2)Floating type: Bouys Lightship TYPES OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
  • 4. Types • Either fixed or floating structures • Structures equipped with the beacon lights, sound warning devices and radar reflectors • Fixed signals – built on land close to the shore or in the sea on submerged outcrop • Light vessels used as floating stations • Depending on the type of service rendered and visibility range, navigational aids classified as – Coast approach light station – Obstruction light station – Approach channel lighting – Harbour light signal
  • 5. Requirements of Signals • The basic requirements of navigational signals are – Compels attention – Permits time for easy response – Makes its meaning clear at a glance – Commands respect • During night – visible by lights of certain characteristics, intensity and colour • During day time – convey meaning by shape and colour
  • 6. • For safe , efficient economic and comfortable travel of vessels in rivers,channels harbours and along lake and ocean shores navigation aids are necessary IMPORTANT OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
  • 7. • To avoid dangerous zones • To follow proper harbour approaches • To locate ports during night and bad weather conditions PURPOSES
  • 8. Fixed Navigation Structures • Navigation lights on piers, wharves, dolphin, etc. • Beacon lights on breakwaters, shores, etc. • Light houses • The marine beacon light lanterns are mounted on top of metal framed towers for proper visibility by approaching vessels • The beacon lights must be installed at proper height • Different types of the lights to be used can be – Fixed light – Occulting light – Flashing light – Coloured light
  • 9. Light Houses • Tall tower structures built of masonry or reinforced concrete • Marine beacon light lantern provided on the top of the tower • Tower divided into number of floors • Lower floors – service, stores and living rooms for the maintenance and working of light-house • Erected on points along the shore to guide vessels to a nearby port • Tower should be strong enough to withstand heavy wave action • Foundation – depends upon the soil condition of the area • Hard soil and rocky bed – thick bed of concrete • Marshy locations – deep foundations (piles, caissons) • Basement – stone or concrete blocks. • Usually, they must have a visibility upto 30 km.
  • 11. Beacon Lights • Fixed or flashing for easy identification by the navigator • Used for means of alignment or for indicating changes of direction • Prominent objects or landmarks, natural topographical features or structures are used as beacons • Lights are classified according to their illuminating power • Depending upon the focal diameter of the lens, the lights are classified as – First order light – Second order light – Miscellaneous smaller lights
  • 13. Types of marine beacon light lanterns • Types of lanterns commonly used are closed or open-top single lanterns and closed or open-top duplex lanterns • Closed-top types used exclusively for marine traffic • Open-top types have dual-purpose lenses which primarily serve marine traffic but also divert a portion of the beams upward to serve air traffic • Duplex types used in locations difficult to reach to provide the required candle power without resorting to large-diameter lenses • It allows use of two different coloured lenses when required
  • 15. • These are two types, 1)Buoys 2)Lightships 1)Buoys • They are small sized floating structures, generally in the form of large cylindrical cans and drums. FLOTING NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
  • 16. Lightships • Used in locations where it is not practical to build light-houses • Small ships displacing about 500 tonnes are used for the purpose • The lightships vary in size • They can be fully manned to small unmanned ones with automatic lights and fog signals • Lantern is generally situated at about 9 to 12m height above water levels • The light apparatus comprises of four pairs of mirror reflectors placed around the light • They are made to revolve at a suitable speed emitting a predetermined number of flashes • Held in position by single anchor
  • 18. • In locations where it is not practical to build light houses, small ships displacing about 500 tones are used for the purpose. • The lantern is generally situated at about 9 to 12 m height above water levels. • The bulls of lightships are generally painted with red colour. • They are generally held in position by a single anchor.
  • 19. • Buoys are of different types: • Channel and entrance demarcation buoys • Luminous buoys • Audible buoys or bell buoys • Mooring buoys
  • 20. Buoys • Small sized floating structures • Generally in the form of large cylindrical cans and drums • Provided with through stays • Employed for demarcation at entrances, approach channels boundaries , etc. • Two rows of buoys, one along each boundary of the approach channel indicate its width • As per Indian practice, the shape of the buoy is used to indicate its purpose • Mooring buoys – provided at fixed positions in harbour interiors, ships moored during the stay in harbour without using anchors • Wreck buoys – used to locate wrecks in harbour exteriors for open seas, can be used at cable crossing locations
  • 23. Mooring Buoys • Mooring buoys are a type of buoy, to which, ships can be moored in the deep oceanic areas. • A mooring buoy weighs more than the general type of buoys. • The mooring buoy is designed in a manner that there is a heavier weight located right in the bottom of the sea. • This weight is like an anchor holding the buoy afloat in the water. • A mooring buoy has loops or chains attached to its top that floats on the water. • These chains are provided so that ships or boats can be effectively moored to them. • The entire application of a mooring buoy works in such a way that the buoy is floating while the ships are moored to a very firm support without using the anchor system of halting a ship. • In some parts of the world, mooring buoys are also used to moor boats and ships away from areas where coral reefs thrive.
  • 25. Sound Signals • During heavy mists or fogs sound or warning signals used • In the form of bells or whistling buoys • In deep waters, where there is always wave motion, bell buoys depend on this motion to actuate bells • Whistling buoys depend on the taking in of air and its expulsion as the buoy