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The document discusses the growing adoption of clean energy solutions, particularly solar energy, to meet high energy demand and the significance of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for optimizing energy extraction. It highlights operational challenges posed by increased photovoltaic (PV) system integration and proposes load side coordination control as a solution, alongside mathematical models for determining duty cycles for both MPPT and fixed-point tracking (FPPT) systems. The research outlines a modeling process that links PV current and load demand to derive accurate duty ratios necessary for efficient energy management.

? Heightened environmental awareness has further propelled the adoption of
clean energy solutions, addressing the critical challenge of high energy
demand.
? Among the array of alternatives, solar energy stands out as a leading
contender with significant potential to shape the future power grid.
? Implementing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is widely
favoured to optimize energy extraction from solar panels, adapting to
fluctuating environmental conditions.
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION CONTD….
? The rising penetration of PV systems into the grid introduces several operational
challenges, such as overvoltage, reverse power flow, and excessive heating of
electrical components like transformers.
? Retrofitting the entire existing system to accommodate large fluctuating power
into the grid is indeed one potential solution, but it comes with significant costs.
? To avoid the issues of high PV penetrated system, a load side coordination control
is proposed on this research based on curve fitting techniques

MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR MPPT OPERATED SYSTEM
? The equation governing the PV side voltage and the load side voltage is
expressed as equation (1).
??? = ?? × (1 ? ?) (1)
? To model the duty ratio for the MPPT operated system the voltage in the load
side and the panel side are studied for irradiation levels.

MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR MPPT OPERATED SYSTEM
CONTD….
? The mathematical representation of an exponential curve with two terms is
articulated in equation (2):
? ? = ? × exp ?? + ? × exp(??) (2)
? An exponential curve fitting model is developed in equation 3 to determine the
duty cycle for a given level of irradiation.
????????????? = 0.2325 × exp 0.0004955 ? ? ? 1.314 × exp(?0.003546 ?
?) (3)
Parameter Value
Sum of square due to error 4.503e-05
R-square 99.99%
Adjusted R-square 0.9998
Root Mean Square error 0.0009788

MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR FPPT OPERATED SYSTEM
? To model the duty ratio for the FPPT operated system the voltage in
the load side and the panel side are studied for irradiation levels.

MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR FPPT OPERATED SYSTEM
CONTD…
? ????????????? = 0.6491 × ??? 7.806 ? 10
?5
? ? ? 2.192 × ?? ? ?0.003203 ? ? 4
Parameter Value
Sum of square due to error 0.00097
R-square 99.84%
Adjusted R-square 0.9983
Root Mean Square error 0.004543

MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR LOAD SIDE COORDINATION
CONTROL
The following steps outline the development process for a load side coordination
model:
1. Determine the input photovoltaic (PV) current, which is contingent upon the
irradiation level.
2. Construct a curve fitting model to ascertain the load current corresponding to the
load power demand.
3. Calculate the duty cycle by considering both the input PV current and the load
current.
4. Assess the developed model to ensure its effectiveness and accuracy.

MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR LOAD SIDE
COORDINATION CONTROL
? Step I: Establishing relationship between irradiation level and PV current
??? = ????,? ×
?
??
? Step II: Establishing relationship between load current and load demand
????? = ?0.01667 × ?????
2
+ 3.055 × ????? + 46
Parameter Value
Sum of square due to error 0.2458
R-square 99.98%
Adjusted R-square 0.9997
Root Mean Square error 0.2862

MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR LOAD SIDE
COORDINATION CONTROL
? Step III: Determining the duty ratio in terms of load demand
??? 1 ? ? = ?????
???? ×
?
????
× 1 ? ? = ?0.01667 × ?
????
2
+ 3.055 × ?
???? + 46
? = 1 ? (?0.01667 × ?????
2
+ 3.055 × ????? + 46.22) ×
????
????×?
? Step IV: Evaluating the developed model
500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
Observed
duty
ratio
Irradiation(W/m2
)
Observed duty ratio
Predicted duty ratio based on formula
Fig. presents both the duty ratio and the predicted
duty ratio generated by the mathematical model,
specifically for load coordinated control under a
load demand of 36 kW.

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Equinox Gold Calibre Mining Corporate PresentationEquinox Gold Corp.

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1. ? Heightened environmental awareness has further propelled the adoption of clean energy solutions, addressing the critical challenge of high energy demand. ? Among the array of alternatives, solar energy stands out as a leading contender with significant potential to shape the future power grid. ? Implementing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is widely favoured to optimize energy extraction from solar panels, adapting to fluctuating environmental conditions. INTRODUCTION

2. INTRODUCTION CONTD…. ? The rising penetration of PV systems into the grid introduces several operational challenges, such as overvoltage, reverse power flow, and excessive heating of electrical components like transformers. ? Retrofitting the entire existing system to accommodate large fluctuating power into the grid is indeed one potential solution, but it comes with significant costs. ? To avoid the issues of high PV penetrated system, a load side coordination control is proposed on this research based on curve fitting techniques

3. MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR MPPT OPERATED SYSTEM ? The equation governing the PV side voltage and the load side voltage is expressed as equation (1). ??? = ?? × (1 ? ?) (1) ? To model the duty ratio for the MPPT operated system the voltage in the load side and the panel side are studied for irradiation levels.

4. MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR MPPT OPERATED SYSTEM CONTD…. ? The mathematical representation of an exponential curve with two terms is articulated in equation (2): ? ? = ? × exp ?? + ? × exp(??) (2) ? An exponential curve fitting model is developed in equation 3 to determine the duty cycle for a given level of irradiation. ????????????? = 0.2325 × exp 0.0004955 ? ? ? 1.314 × exp(?0.003546 ? ?) (3) Parameter Value Sum of square due to error 4.503e-05 R-square 99.99% Adjusted R-square 0.9998 Root Mean Square error 0.0009788

5. MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR FPPT OPERATED SYSTEM ? To model the duty ratio for the FPPT operated system the voltage in the load side and the panel side are studied for irradiation levels.

6. MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR FPPT OPERATED SYSTEM CONTD… ? ????????????? = 0.6491 × ??? 7.806 ? 10 ?5 ? ? ? 2.192 × ?? ? ?0.003203 ? ? 4 Parameter Value Sum of square due to error 0.00097 R-square 99.84% Adjusted R-square 0.9983 Root Mean Square error 0.004543

7. MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR LOAD SIDE COORDINATION CONTROL The following steps outline the development process for a load side coordination model: 1. Determine the input photovoltaic (PV) current, which is contingent upon the irradiation level. 2. Construct a curve fitting model to ascertain the load current corresponding to the load power demand. 3. Calculate the duty cycle by considering both the input PV current and the load current. 4. Assess the developed model to ensure its effectiveness and accuracy.

8. MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR LOAD SIDE COORDINATION CONTROL ? Step I: Establishing relationship between irradiation level and PV current ??? = ????,? × ? ?? ? Step II: Establishing relationship between load current and load demand ????? = ?0.01667 × ????? 2 + 3.055 × ????? + 46 Parameter Value Sum of square due to error 0.2458 R-square 99.98% Adjusted R-square 0.9997 Root Mean Square error 0.2862

9. MODELLING OF DUTY CYCLE FOR LOAD SIDE COORDINATION CONTROL ? Step III: Determining the duty ratio in terms of load demand ??? 1 ? ? = ????? ???? × ? ???? × 1 ? ? = ?0.01667 × ? ???? 2 + 3.055 × ? ???? + 46 ? = 1 ? (?0.01667 × ????? 2 + 3.055 × ????? + 46.22) × ???? ????×? ? Step IV: Evaluating the developed model 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 Observed duty ratio Irradiation(W/m2 ) Observed duty ratio Predicted duty ratio based on formula Fig. presents both the duty ratio and the predicted duty ratio generated by the mathematical model, specifically for load coordinated control under a load demand of 36 kW.

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