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Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English
scientist and mathematician famous for his
discovery of the law of gravity also
discovered the three laws of motion. He
published them in his book Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(mathematic principles of natural
philosophy) in 1687. Today these laws are
known as Newton’s Laws of Motion and
describe the motion of all objects on the
scale we experience in our everyday lives.

1. EVERY BODY CONTINUES TO REMAIN IN A STATE
OF REST OR OF UNIFORM MOTION UNLESS IT IS
ACTED UPON BY EXTERNAL UNBALANCED FORCE.
2. The rate of change in momentum is directly
proportional to the external unbalanced force
applied.
3.To every action there is always an equal and
opposite reaction.

SOME EXAMPLES FROM REAL
LIFE
 A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes
an unbalanced force of a kick to change
its motion.
Two teams are playing tug of war.
They are both exerting equal force on
the rope in opposite directions. This
balanced force results in no change
of motion.

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW IS ALSO
CALLED THE LAW OF INERTIA

Things don’t keep moving forever because
there’s almost always an unbalanced force
acting upon it.
A book sliding across a table slows
down and stops because of the force
of friction.
If you throw a ball upwards it will
eventually slow down and fall
because of the force of gravity.

WHAT DOES F = MA MEAN?
Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration.
Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving at a certain
acceleration. This ball has a certain force.
Now imagine we make the ball twice as big (double the
mass) but keep the acceleration constant. F = ma says
that this new ball has twice the force of the old ball.
Now imagine the original ball moving at twice the
original acceleration. F = ma says that the ball will
again have twice the force of the ball at the original
acceleration.

MORE ABOUT F = MA
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you
double the acceleration, you double the force.
What if you double the mass and the acceleration?
(2m)(2a) = 4F
Doubling the mass and the acceleration quadruples the
force.
So . . . what if you decrease the mass by half? How
much force would the object have now?

WHAT DOES F = MA SAY?
F = ma basically means that the force of an object
comes from its mass and its acceleration.
Something very small (low mass) that’s
changing speed very quickly (high
acceleration), like a bullet, can still
have a great force. Something very
small changing speed very slowly will
have a very weak force.
Something very massive (high mass)
that’s changing speed very slowly (low
acceleration), like a glacier, can still
have great force.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?
For every force acting on an object, there is an
equal force acting in the opposite direction.
Right now, gravity is pulling you down in your
seat, but Newton’s Third Law says your seat is
pushing up against you with equal force. This
is why you are not moving. There is a
balanced force acting on you– gravity pulling
down, your seat pushing up.

Inertia:
the tendency of an object to resist changes
in its state of motion
Acceleration:
•a change in velocity
•a measurement of how quickly an object is
changing speed, direction or both
Velocity:
The rate of change of a position along
a straight line with respect to time
Force:
strength or energy

 The Higgs boson or Higgs particle is a proposed
elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle
physics. The Higgs boson's existence would have
profound importance in particle physics because it would
prove the existence of the hypothetical Higgs field—the
simplest of several proposed mechanisms for the breaking
of electroweak symmetry, and the means by which
elementary particles acquire mass . The leading
explanation is that a field exists that has non-zero strength
everywhere—even in otherwise empty space—and that
particles acquire mass when interacting with this so-called
Higgs field. If this theory is true, a matching particle—the
smallest possible excitation of the Higgs field—should also
exist and be detectable, providing a crucial test of the
theory. Consequently, it has been the target of a long

Higgs boson
One possible signature of a Higgs boson from a simulated collision between two
protons. It decays almost immediately into two jets of hadrons and two electrons,
visible as lines.[Note 1]
Composition Elementary particle
Statistics Bosonic
Status
Tentatively observed – a boson "consistent
with" the Higgs boson has been observed,
but as of August 2012, scientists have not
conclusively identified it as the Higgs
boson.
Symbol H0
Theorized
R. Brout, F. Englert, P. Higgs, G. S.
Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and T. W. B. Kibble
(1964)
Discovered
Tentatively announced July 4, 2012 (see
above), by the ATLAS and CMS teams at
the Large Hadron Collider
Types
1 in the Standard Model;
5 or more in super symmetric models
Mass
125.3 ± 0.4 (stat) ± 0.5 (sys) GeV/c2,126 ±
0.4 (stat) ± 0.4 (sys) GeV/c2
Mean lifetime 1.56×10−22 Second
Electric charge 0

The Higgs boson is named for Peter Higgs who, along
with two other teams, proposed the mechanism that
suggested such a particle in 1964 and was the only one
to explicitly predict the massive
particle and identify some of its theoretical
properties. In mainstream media it is
often referred to as "the God particle",
after the title of Leon Lederman's book on
the topic(1993). Although the particle is
both important and extremely difficult to prove, the epithet
is strongly disliked by many physicists, who regard it as
inappropriate
sensationalism since the particle has nothing to do with
God nor any mystical associations, and because the term
is misleading: the crucial focus of study is to learn how
the symmetry breaking mechanism takes place in nature
— the search for the boson is part of, and a key step

INDIAN LINK WITH HIGGS BOSON…
Despite the fact that Bose had little direct involvement in theorizing the Higgs boson itself, in India
the lack of attention given to one of their own was seen as an insult too big to ignore.
The boson is named in honor of the Kolkata-born scientist's work in the 1920s with Albert Einstein
in defining one of two basic classes of subatomic particles. The work describes subatomic
particles that carry force and can occupy the same space if in the same state – such as in a laser
beam. All particles that follow such behavior, including the Higgs as well as photons, gravitons
and others, are called bosons. Higgs, the English physicist,
and others proposed the Higgs boson's existence in 1964 to
explain what might give shape and size to all matter.
Laymen and the media sometimes call it the "God
particle" because its existence is key to understanding the
early evolution of the universe. By then, Bose was living in
his Indian city of Kolkata after 25 years running the physics
department at Dacca University, in what is now Bangladesh.
Bose died aged 80 in 1974. The Nobel is not awarded
posthumously.
It was Indian physicist Satyendranath Nath Bose after whom class of subatomic particles 'Boson' is
named. The elusive Higgs Boson is one of the Bosons.

A Higgs particle can be produced in a particle collider by taking two particles
smashing them together at very high energies. The exact process depends on
the details of the particles used and the energy at which they are collided. But
in any case the probability of producing a Higgs boson in any collision is always
expected to be very small with only 1 Higgs boson being produced per 10
billion collisions. The most common processes are the following
:
•Gluon fusion. If the collided particles are hadrons such
as the proton or antiproton—as is the case in the LHC and
Tevatron—then it's most likely that two of the gluons binding
the hadron together collide. The easiest way to produce a
Higgs particle is if the two gluons combine to form a loop of
virtual quarks. Since the coupling of particles to the Higgs boson is proportional
to their mass, this process is more likely for heavy particles. In practice it is
enough to consider the contributions of virtual top and bottom quarks (the
heaviest quarks). This process is the dominant contribution at the LHC and
Tevatron being about ten times more likely than any of the other processes.

•Higgs Strahlung. If an elementary fermion collides with an anti- fermion
—e.g. a quark with an anti-quark or an electron with a positron—
the two can merge to form a virtual W or Z boson which, if it carries
sufficient energy, can then emit a Higgs boson. This process was the
dominant production mode at the LEP, where an electron and a
positron collided to form a virtual Z boson, and it was the second
largest contribution for Higgs production at the Tevatron. At the LHC
this process is only the third largest, because the LHC collides protons
with protons, making a quark- antiquark collision less likely than at the Tevatron.
•Weak boson fusion. Another possibility when two (anti-)fermions
collide is that the two exchange a virtual W or Z boson, which emits
a Higgs boson. The colliding fermions do not need to be the same
type. So, for example, an up quark may exchange a Z boson with
an anti-down quark. This process is the second most important
for the production of Higgs particle at the LHC and LEP.
Top fusion. The final process that is commonly considered is by
far the least likely (by two orders of magnitude). This process
involves two colliding gluons, which each decay into a heavy
quark- antiquark pair. A quark and anti-quark from each
pair can then combine
to form a Higgs particle

“If I have ever made any
valuable discoveries, it has
been owing more to patient
attention, than to any
other talent.”
-Sir Isaac Newton

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