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This document contains notes on breast diseases such as mastalgia, nipple discharge, gynecomastia, and breast cancer. It lists common risk factors for breast cancer like gender, age, family history, early menarche and late menopause. Treatment options for breast cancer discussed include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and biological therapy. It also covers hyperprolactinemia, its causes, and treatments.

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NOTE/Diclaimer: These are notes I made for myself during my second year. I cannot guarantee that there arent mistakes. I do know that studying them were great help to me. I used notes and powerpoints given to my class by lecturers (University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa) as well as the following textbooks: Ostetrics in South Africa: Cronje The Breast Breast Disease Benign Breast Disease 1. Mastalgia 2. Nipple discharge 3. Gynaecomastia Breast cancer risk factors Gender Age Family history Early menarche Late menopause Signs of Breast Cancer Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Painless lump Physical examination Skin changes Fine needle aspiration Nipple discharge Mammogram Treatment of breast cancer A. Surgery B. Radiotherapy C. Chemotherapy D. Hormonal therapy E. Biological therapy Breast conservation therapy is tumour excision and radiotherapy. hormonal therapies: anti-oestrogens, ovarian ablation PROGNOSTIC FACTORS: lymph nodes, tumour size, differentiation Biological therapy: Herceptin Hyperprolactinaemia Increased prolactin levels which may lead to galactorrhoea Galactorrhoea lactation in absence of pregnancy or puerperium Aetiology: increased prolactin 1. Physiological lactation, orgasm, sleep, big meals, stimulation of breasts 2. Psychological stress, exercise, phantom pregnancy 3. Pharmacological dopamine antagonists, oestrogen 4. Pathological prolactinoma, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, neoplasia Breast Ca Staging I. Early II. Operable III. Locally advanced IV. Metastatic
Treatment A. Medical dopamine agonists B. Surgery C. Radiation

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  • 1. NOTE/Diclaimer: These are notes I made for myself during my second year. I cannot guarantee that there arent mistakes. I do know that studying them were great help to me. I used notes and powerpoints given to my class by lecturers (University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa) as well as the following textbooks: Ostetrics in South Africa: Cronje The Breast Breast Disease Benign Breast Disease 1. Mastalgia 2. Nipple discharge 3. Gynaecomastia Breast cancer risk factors Gender Age Family history Early menarche Late menopause Signs of Breast Cancer Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Painless lump Physical examination Skin changes Fine needle aspiration Nipple discharge Mammogram Treatment of breast cancer A. Surgery B. Radiotherapy C. Chemotherapy D. Hormonal therapy E. Biological therapy Breast conservation therapy is tumour excision and radiotherapy. hormonal therapies: anti-oestrogens, ovarian ablation PROGNOSTIC FACTORS: lymph nodes, tumour size, differentiation Biological therapy: Herceptin Hyperprolactinaemia Increased prolactin levels which may lead to galactorrhoea Galactorrhoea lactation in absence of pregnancy or puerperium Aetiology: increased prolactin 1. Physiological lactation, orgasm, sleep, big meals, stimulation of breasts 2. Psychological stress, exercise, phantom pregnancy 3. Pharmacological dopamine antagonists, oestrogen 4. Pathological prolactinoma, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, neoplasia Breast Ca Staging I. Early II. Operable III. Locally advanced IV. Metastatic
  • 2. Treatment A. Medical dopamine agonists B. Surgery C. Radiation