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Nomenclature is the method of naming organic compounds according to IUPAC rules to avoid confusion. The document discusses the rules of nomenclature including word roots and functional groups prefixes and suffixes. It provides an overview of how to name alkane, alkene, alkyne, alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and amines according to IUPAC nomenclature rules.
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Alkenes part1SandhyaPunetha1
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This document discusses 8 methods for preparing alkenes: 1) dehydration of alcohols, 2) dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, 3) dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides, 4) partial hydrogenation of alkynes, 5) pyrolysis of alkanes, 6) pyrolysis of carboxylic esters, 7) pyrolysis of quaternary ammonium hydroxides, and 8) electrolysis of salts of dicarboxylic acids. Each reaction involves the removal of elements such as water, hydrogen halides, or halogen molecules to form alkene products from alcohol, alkyl halide, dihalide, alkyne, alkaneConjugated dienes
Conjugated dienesSandhyaPunetha1
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Conjugated dienes contain alternating double and single carbon bonds. The single bond between conjugated double bonds is shorter than a typical alkane bond due to delocalization of pi electrons across the carbon chain. This delocalization through resonance structures makes conjugated dienes more stable than non-conjugated dienes. The extra stability of conjugated dienes is also due to the lower hybridization energy from sp2 hybridized carbons compared to the sp3 carbons in non-conjugated dienes.Physical properties of alkenes
Physical properties of alkenesSandhyaPunetha1
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Alkenes containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms are gases, those containing 5 to 18 carbons are liquids, and those over 18 carbons are solids. Alkenes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Their melting and boiling points increase with molecular weight, and branched alkenes have lower boiling points than straight-chain alkenes.Alcohols
AlcoholsSandhyaPunetha1
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This document discusses various types of alcohols including their structures, properties, preparation methods and uses. It defines alcohols as organic compounds containing a hydroxyl functional group bonded to a carbon. Alcohols are classified based on the number of OH groups as monohydric, dihydric or trihydric. They are also classified based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon as primary, secondary or tertiary alcohols. Common methods of preparing alcohols discussed are the hydrolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of carbonyl compounds, and hydration of alkenes. Specific alcohols described include ethanol, methanol, chlorobutanol, cetostearylDrying
DryingSandhyaPunetha1
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The document discusses different drying techniques used in the pharmaceutical industry. It describes tray drying, fluidized bed drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying. Tray drying involves circulating hot air over solid materials placed on trays to remove moisture. Fluidized bed drying suspends materials in a stream of hot air to dry them uniformly. Vacuum drying uses reduced pressure to lower the boiling point of water for faster evaporation. Freeze drying works by freezing materials, reducing pressure, and allowing ice to sublimate directly to water vapor for drying thermolabile substances. Each method has advantages like speed, uniformity, or suitability for certain materials as well as disadvantages like cost or potential for degradation.Rearrangement of carbocation
Rearrangement of carbocationSandhyaPunetha1
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The document discusses carbocations, which are carbon-containing molecules with a positive charge. It defines different types of carbocations based on the groups attached to the charged carbon atom, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, allylic, benzylic, vinyl, and phenyl carbocations. The document also discusses the structure, stability, and rearrangement of carbocations. Carbocations can rearrange into more stable configurations by shifting bonds to form secondary or tertiary carbocations. The stability of carbocations is affected by the number of carbon groups attached, neighboring electron-withdrawing groups, and hybridization of the charged carbon atom.Preparation of alkanes.
Preparation of alkanes.SandhyaPunetha1
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The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes:
1) Sabatier and Senderens reactions involve treating alkenes or alkynes with hydrogen in the presence of nickel to produce alkanes.
2) Decarboxylation of sodium carboxylate salts involves heating with sodalime to produce alkanes and carbon dioxide.
3) Reduction of alkyl halides with nascent hydrogen produces alkanes and hydrogen halides.
4) Reduction of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids with hydriodic acid and phosphorus yields alkanes.
5) The Wurtz reaction uses sodium metal to couple two alkyl halidesChemical properties of alkanes
Chemical properties of alkanesSandhyaPunetha1
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Alkanes undergo two main types of chemical reactions: substitution reactions and thermal/catalytic reactions. Substitution reactions involve replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with other atoms or groups. The main substitution reactions are halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, and chlorosulphonation. Thermal and catalytic reactions involve heat and catalysts and include oxidation, pyrolysis, isomerization, and aromatization. Alkanes are industrially important as fuels and in producing other chemicals through these various reaction pathways.Physical properties of alkanes
Physical properties of alkanesSandhyaPunetha1
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The first 4 alkanes are gases, the next 13 are liquids, and higher alkanes after C18 are waxy solids. Alkanes are nonpolar and insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. The boiling point of alkanes increases with molecular weight in a steady manner, while the melting point does not. Density also increases with larger alkane molecules. Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling points than their straight chain isomers.Classification
ClassificationSandhyaPunetha1
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This document provides an overview of the classification of organic compounds. It discusses the main categories of organic compounds including aliphatic (open-chain/saturated and unsaturated), cyclic (homocyclic and heterocyclic), and aromatic compounds. It describes the types of aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic compounds in detail. It also introduces Huckel's rule for determining aromaticity based on the number of pi electrons in a conjugated cyclic system.Mixing
MixingSandhyaPunetha1
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This document discusses different types of mixing operations used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It describes mixing of powders, liquids, and semi-solids. For powder mixing, it outlines factors that affect mixing like particle size and shape. Common mixers discussed include double cone blenders and agitated powder mixers. For liquid mixing, mechanisms like bulk transport and turbulent transport are described. Equipment like propeller mixers and turbine mixers are used. Semi-solid mixing involves dispersion in a base using mixers like triple roller mills and planetary mixers.Ad
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nomenclature.pptx
- 1. Topic 2- Nomenclature FOR B- PHARM STUDENTS SIX SIGMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES PRESENTED BY- SANDHYA PUNETHA ( ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
- 2. Nomenclature It is a method of naming of organic compounds as per the rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This method is used for naming of organic compounds to avoid confusion of organic compounds by their different common names.
- 4. Word roots-
- 5. Functional groups- Prefix and Suffix
- 9. Rules for nomenclature- Alkene
- 12. Nomenclature of Alkyl halides
- 19. Nomenclature of carboxylic acid
- 24. Geniuses are not born they made them genius by their hardwork Thank you ( work hard)