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NON-MALEFICENCE.pptx
- 1. NONMALEFICENCE Ones own obligation to do good in the practice of medicine is also limited by ones own obligation to avoid evil/harm. Ones avoidance of harm on others is embedded into what we call, the principle of nonmaleficence. In medical ethics it has been closely associated with the maxim, primum non nocere, which means, above all (or first) do no harm (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). This maxim expresses an obligation of nonmaleficence in the Hippocratic tradition, I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but I will never use it to injure or wrong them. This principle helps in decision-making about issues that may alter ones own life, such as on killing and letting go, withholding and withdrawing treatment, use of extraordinary and ordinary means/procedures and other issues.
- 2. THE MEANING OF NONMALEFICENCE Nonmaleficence comes from a Latin words: non to mean not; malos from which male is taken to mean bad/evil and faceo from which fic comes which means do/make. Thus the term nonmaleficence means not to make or to do bad or to make evil things intentionally. In medicine, nonmaleficence means not to inflict harm which is not different from not doing evil or bad things. This principle requires a health care provider to prevent or refrain from any sort of actions that eventually causes harm to patient and more importantly when the action is never been justified.
- 3. DISTINCTION BETWEEN NONMALEFICENCE AND BENEFICENCE Generally an obligation of nonmaleficence is more stringent than obligations of beneficence and in some cases, nonmaleficence perhaps may override beneficence. Beauchamp and Childress suggested the following schema to distinguish the principle of nonmaleficence and beneficence. But the said authors do not propose a hierarchical order.
- 4. INSTRUCTIVE PRINCIPLE BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLE One ought not to inflict evil or harm Nonmaleficence One ought to prevent evil or harm Beneficence One ought to remove evil or harm Beneficence One ought to do or promote good Beneficence
- 5. EXAMPLES OF NONMALEFICENCE: 1. Do not kill 2. Do not cause pain or suffering to others 3. Do not cause offense to others 4. Do not incapacitate others 5. Do not deprive others of the goods of life
- 6. CRITERIA ON DETERMINING NEGLIGENCE: 1. The professional must have the duty to the affected party 2. The professional must breach that duty 3. The affected party must experience a harm 4. The harm must be caused by the breach of duty
- 7. PRINCIPLE OF NONMALEFICENCE affirms the need for medical competence a part of Filipino character through avoidance of confrontational dialogue that will eventually cause harm to others
- 8. PRACTICAL APPLICATION/IMPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-MALEFICENCE Withholding Treatment and Withdrawing Treatment are bioethical issues which can be acted upon or justified by the following conditions: 1. When the case is irreversible any form of treatment will not benefit the patient 2. When death is immanent or when patient is already dead
- 9. Ordinary and Extra-ordinary Treatments ordinary treatment comprises of the provision of necessities of life that usually pertain to food, normal respiration and elimination process. Hence like intravenous fluids, nasogastric tube feedings, indwelling catheters, are some among the many considered ordinary and necessary measure of treatment and may be sustained even if the case is irreversible.
- 10. extra ordinary treatment comprises of the use of aggressive modalities vis--vis the capacities of the family or maybe some family who can very well afford it, continue to give extra ordinary measure. But this means do not necessarily offer any benefit to the patient.
- 11. KILLING AND LETTING DIE In ordinary language killing is a causal action that deliberately brings about anothers death Letting die is prima facie acceptable in medicine under two conditions: 1) a medical technology is useless (medically futile) and 2) patients (or valid surrogate/proxy) have validly refused a medical technology,
- 12. THANK YOU!!!