This 3 sentence document provides information about notes for an embedded systems session six. The document references Eng. Keroles Shenouda and includes a Facebook group link for embedded system KS. It also includes the hashtag #Paragma.
An enum is a user-defined type in C that allows a variable to be a set of predefined constants (names that represent integer values). A structure is a collection of variables (also known as members) of different types grouped together under a single name. A union is a data type that allows to store different data types in the same memory location.
This 3 sentence document provides information about notes for an embedded systems session six. The document references Eng. Keroles Shenouda and includes a Facebook group link for embedded system KS. It also includes the hashtag #Paragma.
This document discusses various C programming concepts including macros vs functions, ANSI C standards, constants, structures, unions, enums, storage classes like automatic, external, static, and register variables, and references for further reading. It provides examples to illustrate key differences between macros and functions, declaring and initializing constants, defining and using nested structures, unions that allow storing different data types in the same variable, and static and extern storage class specifiers.
This document discusses C programming concepts and provides quiz questions and solutions. It covers topics like data type conversions, operator precedence, bitwise operations, and more. Multiple choice questions are presented along with hints and explanations of tricks and techniques. Readers are encouraged to think through the problems and examples to improve their understanding of fundamental C programming principles.
The document provides guidance on learning about automotive embedded systems through a 10 part series. It recommends first studying parts on real-time operating system basics, OSEK/VDX, AUTOSAR basics, and automotive protocols. Then users should validate their understanding and solve practice questions. The document directs readers to online materials and emphasizes the importance of depth of learning to become professional in the field of embedded systems.
This document discusses Automotive Embedded Systems and the AUTOSAR Application Layer. It covers topics like use cases in AUTOSAR, AUTOSAR basic software modules, the AUTOSAR system design process, software components, runnables, events, and the internal behavior of software components. Diagrams and examples are provided to illustrate concepts like software component types, the relationship between software components and runnables, event types that can trigger runnables, and how a timing event is defined in XML.
The document discusses the AUTOSAR standard, which was developed by automotive manufacturers to help manage the increasing complexity of automotive software systems. AUTOSAR aims to standardize software architecture to improve quality, enable reuse of components across manufacturers, and make application software independent of hardware. It establishes a layered architecture and specifies interfaces to facilitate collaboration and reuse in automotive development. The document provides an overview of the AUTOSAR standard and design process.
This document discusses how to write embedded C code from scratch without using an IDE. It explains that you need a cross toolchain, Makefile, linker script, startup assembly code, and C code files. It then discusses the requirements for C startup, including initializing the stack, global variables (.data, .bss, .rodata sections), and jumping to the main function. It emphasizes that the linker script is important for section placement in memory. Finally, it outlines the key parts of the startup code: exception vectors, copying .data to RAM, zeroing .bss, setting up the stack pointer, and branching to main.
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial communication protocol that is most commonly used in automotive applications. It allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in real-time. CAN uses a multi-master broadcast communication style where nodes can transmit messages at any time and all nodes receive all messages. It uses priority-based arbitration to determine which message is transmitted when two nodes transmit simultaneously. CAN provides efficient, reliable, and economical communication between sensors, actuators and electronic control units in automotive and other embedded systems applications.
This document discusses the AUTOSAR application layer. It explains that the application layer provides the system functionality through software components (SWCs) that contain software. The document outlines different types of SWCs and their elements like ports, runnable entities, and events. It also discusses how SWCs communicate internally and across ECUs using the virtual functional bus. The mapping of runnable entities to operating system tasks is mentioned as the topic for the next session.
The document provides an overview of the AUTOSAR standard and its objectives. AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a standardized software architecture developed by automotive manufacturers to address the increasing complexity of automotive ECU systems. The key goals of AUTOSAR include improving software quality, reusability of functions across manufacturers, and making application software independent of hardware. The document outlines the layered AUTOSAR architecture and the four main steps to developing software using the AUTOSAR standard: input descriptions, system configuration, ECU configuration, and generation of software executables.
The document discusses various concepts related to the OSEK operating system including conformance classes, hook routines, shared resources, and mutual exclusion. Specifically, it covers:
1) OSEK defines 4 conformance classes to support systems with different capacities and demands.
2) Hook routines allow user-defined functions to be called at specific points during OS operation, such as startup, shutdown, before/after tasks.
3) Shared resources must be accessed exclusively to prevent data corruption, and mutual exclusion techniques like mutexes and semaphores are used to serialize access.
This document discusses OSEK/VDX operating systems and concepts related to extended tasks, events, interrupts, counters, and alarms. It begins by explaining extended tasks which can wait for events. It then covers the different states an extended task can be in and how events work through event masks and signaling/waiting services. The document discusses two categories of interrupts in OSEK/VDX and how ISR2 interrupts can make system calls. Finally, it describes how counters track hardware ticks and alarms can be used to perform actions periodically by connecting alarms to counters.
This document discusses embedded operating systems for automotive applications. It provides an overview of OSEK/VDX, an operating system specification for distributed automotive systems. Key topics covered include OSEK/VDX specifications and goals, the AUTOSAR operating system based on OSEK/VDX, task services in OSEK/VDX like TerminateTask and ActivateTask, and examples of task scheduling and chaining in OSEK/VDX. The document aims to teach about real-time operating systems for automotive embedded systems.
The document discusses various topics related to embedded systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS), including:
1) It explains the differences between bare-metal applications, which run directly on hardware without an OS, and OS applications, which run on top of an operating system.
2) It describes some key characteristics and services provided by RTOS kernels, such as deterministic behavior and task scheduling.
3) It discusses different types of real-time systems, including soft and hard real-time, and explains the importance of meeting timing deadlines in real-time systems.
This document discusses Controller Area Network (CAN) which is a vehicle bus standard that allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer. It covers the general characteristics of CAN including its event-driven nature, bus arbitration, message filtering, and the different types of CAN messages including data frames, remote frames, error frames, and overload frames. The document provides detailed explanations and illustrations of the fields that make up CAN data frames.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
1. Embedded C requires compilers to create executable files that can be downloaded and run on microcontrollers, while C compilers typically generate code for operating systems on desktop computers.
2. Embedded systems often have real-time constraints and limited memory and other resources that require more optimization, unlike most desktop applications.
3. Programming for embedded systems focuses on optimally using limited resources and satisfying timing requirements using basic C constructs and function libraries.
The document discusses C programming and embedded C programming concepts. It covers the differences between C and embedded C, embedded C constraints, how to make code more readable through commenting and documenting memory mapped devices. It also discusses data structures, stacks, queues, and provides code examples for stack implementation and operations using arrays.
Bit-fields allow access to individual bits within registers or bytes. They define the number of bits allocated to each field within a structure. Pointers store the address of other variables in memory and can be used to access or modify these variables indirectly. Pointer arithmetic allows pointers to be incremented or decremented to access sequential memory locations represented by an array.
The document discusses various C preprocessor directives and their usage. It provides examples of how to use #define, #include, #ifdef, #ifndef, #if, #else, #endif, #undef, and #pragma directives in C code. It also discusses macro definitions and how they allow text replacement before compilation. Conditional compilation directives like #ifdef allow including or excluding blocks of code based on conditions. The #pragma directive is implementation specific and examples show how to use #pragma startup and #pragma exit to define functions to run before and after main.
This document discusses different ways that functions can access arguments in C programming including pass by value which copies the argument's value and pass by reference which copies the argument's address, allowing changes to the parameter to affect the argument. It also mentions static and global memory, local variables stored on the stack, dynamic memory allocation, and recursion in functions.
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdfAjaz Hussain
Ìý
The intersection of AI and pharmaceutical formulation science highlights significant blind spots—systemic gaps in pharmaceutical development, regulatory oversight, quality assurance, and the ethical use of AI—that could jeopardize patient safety and undermine public trust. To move forward effectively, we must address these normalized blind spots, which may arise from outdated assumptions, errors, gaps in previous knowledge, and biases in language or regulatory inertia. This is essential to ensure that AI and formulation science are developed as tools for patient-centered and ethical healthcare.
This document discusses how to write embedded C code from scratch without using an IDE. It explains that you need a cross toolchain, Makefile, linker script, startup assembly code, and C code files. It then discusses the requirements for C startup, including initializing the stack, global variables (.data, .bss, .rodata sections), and jumping to the main function. It emphasizes that the linker script is important for section placement in memory. Finally, it outlines the key parts of the startup code: exception vectors, copying .data to RAM, zeroing .bss, setting up the stack pointer, and branching to main.
Controller Area Network (CAN) is a serial communication protocol that is most commonly used in automotive applications. It allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other in real-time. CAN uses a multi-master broadcast communication style where nodes can transmit messages at any time and all nodes receive all messages. It uses priority-based arbitration to determine which message is transmitted when two nodes transmit simultaneously. CAN provides efficient, reliable, and economical communication between sensors, actuators and electronic control units in automotive and other embedded systems applications.
This document discusses the AUTOSAR application layer. It explains that the application layer provides the system functionality through software components (SWCs) that contain software. The document outlines different types of SWCs and their elements like ports, runnable entities, and events. It also discusses how SWCs communicate internally and across ECUs using the virtual functional bus. The mapping of runnable entities to operating system tasks is mentioned as the topic for the next session.
The document provides an overview of the AUTOSAR standard and its objectives. AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is a standardized software architecture developed by automotive manufacturers to address the increasing complexity of automotive ECU systems. The key goals of AUTOSAR include improving software quality, reusability of functions across manufacturers, and making application software independent of hardware. The document outlines the layered AUTOSAR architecture and the four main steps to developing software using the AUTOSAR standard: input descriptions, system configuration, ECU configuration, and generation of software executables.
The document discusses various concepts related to the OSEK operating system including conformance classes, hook routines, shared resources, and mutual exclusion. Specifically, it covers:
1) OSEK defines 4 conformance classes to support systems with different capacities and demands.
2) Hook routines allow user-defined functions to be called at specific points during OS operation, such as startup, shutdown, before/after tasks.
3) Shared resources must be accessed exclusively to prevent data corruption, and mutual exclusion techniques like mutexes and semaphores are used to serialize access.
This document discusses OSEK/VDX operating systems and concepts related to extended tasks, events, interrupts, counters, and alarms. It begins by explaining extended tasks which can wait for events. It then covers the different states an extended task can be in and how events work through event masks and signaling/waiting services. The document discusses two categories of interrupts in OSEK/VDX and how ISR2 interrupts can make system calls. Finally, it describes how counters track hardware ticks and alarms can be used to perform actions periodically by connecting alarms to counters.
This document discusses embedded operating systems for automotive applications. It provides an overview of OSEK/VDX, an operating system specification for distributed automotive systems. Key topics covered include OSEK/VDX specifications and goals, the AUTOSAR operating system based on OSEK/VDX, task services in OSEK/VDX like TerminateTask and ActivateTask, and examples of task scheduling and chaining in OSEK/VDX. The document aims to teach about real-time operating systems for automotive embedded systems.
The document discusses various topics related to embedded systems and real-time operating systems (RTOS), including:
1) It explains the differences between bare-metal applications, which run directly on hardware without an OS, and OS applications, which run on top of an operating system.
2) It describes some key characteristics and services provided by RTOS kernels, such as deterministic behavior and task scheduling.
3) It discusses different types of real-time systems, including soft and hard real-time, and explains the importance of meeting timing deadlines in real-time systems.
This document discusses Controller Area Network (CAN) which is a vehicle bus standard that allows microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer. It covers the general characteristics of CAN including its event-driven nature, bus arbitration, message filtering, and the different types of CAN messages including data frames, remote frames, error frames, and overload frames. The document provides detailed explanations and illustrations of the fields that make up CAN data frames.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
1. Embedded C requires compilers to create executable files that can be downloaded and run on microcontrollers, while C compilers typically generate code for operating systems on desktop computers.
2. Embedded systems often have real-time constraints and limited memory and other resources that require more optimization, unlike most desktop applications.
3. Programming for embedded systems focuses on optimally using limited resources and satisfying timing requirements using basic C constructs and function libraries.
The document discusses C programming and embedded C programming concepts. It covers the differences between C and embedded C, embedded C constraints, how to make code more readable through commenting and documenting memory mapped devices. It also discusses data structures, stacks, queues, and provides code examples for stack implementation and operations using arrays.
Bit-fields allow access to individual bits within registers or bytes. They define the number of bits allocated to each field within a structure. Pointers store the address of other variables in memory and can be used to access or modify these variables indirectly. Pointer arithmetic allows pointers to be incremented or decremented to access sequential memory locations represented by an array.
The document discusses various C preprocessor directives and their usage. It provides examples of how to use #define, #include, #ifdef, #ifndef, #if, #else, #endif, #undef, and #pragma directives in C code. It also discusses macro definitions and how they allow text replacement before compilation. Conditional compilation directives like #ifdef allow including or excluding blocks of code based on conditions. The #pragma directive is implementation specific and examples show how to use #pragma startup and #pragma exit to define functions to run before and after main.
This document discusses different ways that functions can access arguments in C programming including pass by value which copies the argument's value and pass by reference which copies the argument's address, allowing changes to the parameter to affect the argument. It also mentions static and global memory, local variables stored on the stack, dynamic memory allocation, and recursion in functions.
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdfAjaz Hussain
Ìý
The intersection of AI and pharmaceutical formulation science highlights significant blind spots—systemic gaps in pharmaceutical development, regulatory oversight, quality assurance, and the ethical use of AI—that could jeopardize patient safety and undermine public trust. To move forward effectively, we must address these normalized blind spots, which may arise from outdated assumptions, errors, gaps in previous knowledge, and biases in language or regulatory inertia. This is essential to ensure that AI and formulation science are developed as tools for patient-centered and ethical healthcare.
How to create security group category in Odoo 17Celine George
Ìý
This slide will represent the creation of security group category in odoo 17. Security groups are essential for managing user access and permissions across different modules. Creating a security group category helps to organize related user groups and streamline permission settings within a specific module or functionality.
Dr. Ansari Khurshid Ahmed- Factors affecting Validity of a Test.pptxKhurshid Ahmed Ansari
Ìý
Validity is an important characteristic of a test. A test having low validity is of little use. Validity is the accuracy with which a test measures whatever it is supposed to measure. Validity can be low, moderate or high. There are many factors which affect the validity of a test. If these factors are controlled, then the validity of the test can be maintained to a high level. In the power point presentation, factors affecting validity are discussed with the help of concrete examples.
AI and Academic Writing, Short Term Course in Academic Writing and Publication, UGC-MMTTC, MANUU, 25/02/2025, Prof. (Dr.) Vinod Kumar Kanvaria, University of Delhi, vinodpr111@gmail.com
One Click RFQ Cancellation in Odoo 18 - Odoo ºÝºÝߣsCeline George
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In this slide, we’ll discuss the one click RFQ Cancellation in odoo 18. One-Click RFQ Cancellation in Odoo 18 is a feature that allows users to quickly and easily cancel Request for Quotations (RFQs) with a single click.
Mastering Soft Tissue Therapy & Sports Taping: Pathway to Sports Medicine Excellence
This presentation was delivered in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at the Institute of Sports Medicine to an audience of sports physiotherapists, exercise scientists, athletic trainers, and healthcare professionals. Led by Kusal Goonewardena (PhD Candidate - Muscle Fatigue, APA Titled Sports & Exercise Physiotherapist) and Gayath Jayasinghe (Sports Scientist), the session provided comprehensive training on soft tissue assessment, treatment techniques, and essential sports taping methods.
Key topics covered:
✅ Soft Tissue Therapy – The science behind muscle, fascia, and joint assessment for optimal treatment outcomes.
✅ Sports Taping Techniques – Practical applications for injury prevention and rehabilitation, including ankle, knee, shoulder, thoracic, and cervical spine taping.
✅ Sports Trainer Level 1 Course by Sports Medicine Australia – A gateway to professional development, career opportunities, and working in Australia.
This training mirrors the Elite Akademy Sports Medicine standards, ensuring evidence-based approaches to injury management and athlete care.
If you are a sports professional looking to enhance your clinical skills and open doors to global opportunities, this presentation is for you.
Effective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18Celine George
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In this slide we’ll discuss on the effective product variant management in Odoo 18. Odoo concentrates on managing product variations and offers a distinct area for doing so. Product variants provide unique characteristics like size and color to single products, which can be managed at the product template level for all attributes and variants or at the variant level for individual variants.
How to Configure Proforma Invoice in Odoo 18 SalesCeline George
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In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to configure proforma invoice in Odoo 18 Sales module. A proforma invoice is a preliminary invoice that serves as a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer.
How to Configure Recurring Revenue in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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This slide will represent how to configure Recurring revenue. Recurring revenue are the income generated at a particular interval. Typically, the interval can be monthly, yearly, or we can customize the intervals for a product or service based on its subscription or contract.