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NUCLEAR MEDICINE
BY DR SYED SHAH HYDER YAHYA
COMMUNITY MEDICINE
KABIR MEDICAL COLLEGE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
? Introduction
?The atomic bomb
?Origin and nature of radiation
?Radioisotopes
?Terrestrial radiations
?International unit
?Man made resources
?Problems of nuclear radiations
?Safety considerations
?Radiation effects
?Protection from radiations

INTRODUCTION
?Nuclear medicine is the branch of medicine involving the application
of radioactive substance on global level
OR
?Its called as the nuclear power use to protect the community
?The knowledge of nuclear medicine is pre requisite for Health
providers
?The intended use of this power is for peaceful purpose

THE ATOMIC BOMB
?The experience of HIROSHIMA
survivors
?This naturally reminds us of
catastrophe that may occur if
human aspiration crosses the
tolerance limit
?Even the after effects can be
recorded up to now even after
decades

ORIGIN AND NATURE OF
RADIATION
? Man has been
exposed to
radiation since
beginning of time
ORIGIN
? They are formed
starting from
HYDROGEN to
URANIUM
NATURE
? Stable substance
emit radiation in
the form of
electromagnetic
waves
RADIOISOTOPES

?Radiations from the grounds
arises from radioactive
elements in rocks and soils
?These substances consists of
isotopes
?Potassium
?Uranium
?Thorium
TERRESTRIAL RADIATION

INTERNATIONAL UNIT OF RADIATION
? The international unit of radiation doses are
? GRAY (Gy)
? SIEVERT (Sv)

MAN MADE
SOURCES
?The man made sources
of radiation are
?Medical and dental x-ray
?Nuclear reactors
operation
?Industry mining
?Fallout from nuclear
weapon testing
AT PRESENT MEDICAL APPLICATION OF
RADIATION ACCOUNT LARGEST PART OF
PUBLIC EXPOSURE

PROBLEMS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
?In the last few decades Nuclear power has assumed a
significant means of producing Electricity
?But it poses some problems also
i. Fission products
ii. Rays from cathode tube ofTV��s
iii. Computer video units
iv. Luminous dials of watches

SAFETY
CONSIDERATION
1) Site selection
2) Defense in depth
3) Automatic safety systems
4) Adequate heat removal systems
5) Emergency operating procedures
6)Safe collection and disposal of radioactive
elements

RADIATION EFFECTS
? Acute
? Late
? Stochastic (arise from chance)
? Non Stochastic (severity varies with dose)

PROTECTION FROM RADIATIONS
It can be divided into
External
Internal

EXTERNAL PROTECTION
? TIME
It can be lowered by simply
limiting time a person spend near
source
? DECAY
Reduce by allowing the source to
decay(diminished)
? DISTANCE
Another way to reduce is by
increasing the distance from the
source
? SHIELDING
Install a shield btw source and
point of interest

INTERNAL PROTECTION
i. Controlling the spread of contamination
ii. Blocking the routes of entry into body
iii. Use protective clothing
iv. Safety breathing appliances
NOTE
Radiation can enter into body by
INHALATION,INGESTION,ABSORPTION THROUGH SKIN AND
WOUND

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
? ANNUAL LIMITS ON INTAKE (ALI)
? The activity of radionuclide that taken inside the body annually
? DERIVED AIR CONCENTRATION
? The amount of radionuclide concentration in air
? LOST LIFE EXPENTANCY
? The years of life lost due to use of radiation

CONCLUSION
? NUCLEAR MEDICINE IS IMPORTANT IN MEDICAL FIELD
? IT CO-RELATE ALL ASPECT OF NUCLEAR POWER
? PROTECTION FROM RADIATION IS IMPORTANT NOT IN INDUSTRY
BUT IN OUR ENVIRONMENT ASWELL
? PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE ARETO BETAKEN BY PAKISTAN
NUCLEAR ATOMIC DEPARTMENT ON RADIATIONS

MCQS
1-The intended use of nuclear power is for
(a)Violent purpose (b) peaceful purpose
(c)War purpose (d) protection purpose
2-The radiation are composed of
(a) Uranium (b) helium
(c) Nitrogen (d) oxygen

3- Stable substance emit radiation in form of electromagnetic waves are called
(a) Isotopes (b) radioisotopes
(c) Uranotopes (d) granotopes
4-The radiation from grounds arises from radioactive elements in rocks and
soils called
(a) Peddle radiation (b) ionization
(c) Evaporation (d) terrestrial radiation
5-The radiation effects which has probability or arise from chance is called
(a) Acute (b) Late
(c) Stochastic (d) Non stochastic

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