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Nuclear presentation

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This document provides an overview of nuclear energy, including why it is used, different reactor types, the fuel cycle process, technologies, how power plants work, issues with fossil fuel depletion, nuclear energy's role in energy security and its advantages for the environment compared to other energy sources when considering land use. It also discusses nuclear waste and safety standards in the UK.

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By:. Mussa Mussawi, Azam Ali & Tom McKenna
Contents ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Overview of Nuclear Energy Why Nuclear Energy Reactor Types Technology Nuclear Power Plants How the power plant works The Depletion of Fossil Fuels Security of Supply Energy Density & Environment Nuclear Waste Nuclear Safety References
Overview of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy consumption by region
Top 10 Nuclear Generating Countries ( 2011-2012)
Nuclear presentation
UK nuclear power plants map
Why Nuclear Energy? ?Vast Fuel Supply - Breeder reactors - Seawater extraction ?Benign Operation - Plant safety - Environment ?Base Load Generation - Capacity factor >90%
Reactor Types
Fuel Cycle 1. Mining and milling process of uranium. ~ 0.2 tons/(MW*yr) required. 2. Convert yellowcake to UO2 then UF6. 3. Enrich UF6 by centrifugation to 3-4% U-235, then convert back to UO2. 4. Manufacture fuel from UO2. Pellets inserted into zircalloy fuel rod. 5. Electric generation. Production of Pu239; fission of some of this. 6. Spent fuel storage. Disperse heat and radiation. 7. Spent fuel reprocessing for new fuel (MOX). 8. Vitrification of high level wastes. 9. Final disposal in stable geologic formations.
Current Technology (Generation III+)
Future Technology (Generation IV)
How the power plant works ? Nuclear reaction because of Uranium ? Core of reactor ? Control rods ? Steam Generator ? Primary side and Secondary side ? Pressurizer (temp 600 degree fahrenheit) ? Turbine ? Generator
The Depletion of Fossil Fuels Depletion date of fossil fuels 2100 0% - annual increase in Depletion year 2090 1 2080 2070 2060 2% 2050 198 200 3% 2040 2030 2020 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Reserves ratio w.r.t. 1985 1.8 1.9 2
Security of Supply ? Nuclear is not the solution, but there's no solution without nuclear ? A range of energy sources are required to meet demand in the future ? Many sources of renewable energy rarely produce full output when required ? Nuclear power stations currently produce about 1517% of global electrical energy
Energy Density & Environment ? Newly designed nuclear stations have an output of around 1600MW ? A nuclear power station typically occupies no more than 1Km^2 of land ? Windfarms in the UK produce on average 3MW per Km^2 ? 534Km^2 of wind turbines would be required to match the output of a nuclear power station.
Nuclear Waste ? Used fuel can be reprocessed in to MOX fuel (Mixed OXide) ? Reprocessing reduces the volume of highlevel waste to about one fifth ? Stocks of plutonium can be disposed of by reprocessing into MOX or as fuel for fast breeder reactors ? The UK holds the world's largest stock of civilian plutonium
Nuclear Safety ? UK nuclear power plants are highly regulated and are subject to strict safety standards and design approvals ? The UK nuclear Industry has a good safety record ? Last magnox reactor is still in use after 42 years with no issues ? The UK does not suffer from extreme weather or natural disasters
References ? http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/FuelRecycling/Mixed-Oxide-Fuel-MOX/#.Umboq-vgLH8 ? http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/FuelRecycling/Processing-of-Used-Nuclear-Fuel/#.UmbSd-vgLH8 ? http://withouthotair.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/wind-farm-power-per-unitarea-data.html ? http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-TZ/United-Kingdom/#.Umb0IOvgLH_ ? http://www.edouardstenger.com/2009/10/26/10-reasons-to-supportnuclear-power/ ? http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/29/business/energyenvironment/29iht-sustain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 ? http://www.nda.gov.uk/ukinventory/the_inventory/waste-inventory.cfm ? http://withouthotair.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/power-per-unit-land-area-ofwindfarms.html ? Sustainable Energy Presetation, Dr Stas Burek
Nuclear presentation

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Nuclear presentation

  • 1. By:. Mussa Mussawi, Azam Ali & Tom McKenna
  • 2. Contents ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Overview of Nuclear Energy Why Nuclear Energy Reactor Types Technology Nuclear Power Plants How the power plant works The Depletion of Fossil Fuels Security of Supply Energy Density & Environment Nuclear Waste Nuclear Safety References
  • 5. Top 10 Nuclear Generating Countries ( 2011-2012)
  • 7. UK nuclear power plants map
  • 8. Why Nuclear Energy? ?Vast Fuel Supply - Breeder reactors - Seawater extraction ?Benign Operation - Plant safety - Environment ?Base Load Generation - Capacity factor >90%
  • 10. Fuel Cycle 1. Mining and milling process of uranium. ~ 0.2 tons/(MW*yr) required. 2. Convert yellowcake to UO2 then UF6. 3. Enrich UF6 by centrifugation to 3-4% U-235, then convert back to UO2. 4. Manufacture fuel from UO2. Pellets inserted into zircalloy fuel rod. 5. Electric generation. Production of Pu239; fission of some of this. 6. Spent fuel storage. Disperse heat and radiation. 7. Spent fuel reprocessing for new fuel (MOX). 8. Vitrification of high level wastes. 9. Final disposal in stable geologic formations.
  • 13. How the power plant works ? Nuclear reaction because of Uranium ? Core of reactor ? Control rods ? Steam Generator ? Primary side and Secondary side ? Pressurizer (temp 600 degree fahrenheit) ? Turbine ? Generator
  • 14. The Depletion of Fossil Fuels Depletion date of fossil fuels 2100 0% - annual increase in Depletion year 2090 1 2080 2070 2060 2% 2050 198 200 3% 2040 2030 2020 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Reserves ratio w.r.t. 1985 1.8 1.9 2
  • 15. Security of Supply ? Nuclear is not the solution, but there's no solution without nuclear ? A range of energy sources are required to meet demand in the future ? Many sources of renewable energy rarely produce full output when required ? Nuclear power stations currently produce about 1517% of global electrical energy
  • 16. Energy Density & Environment ? Newly designed nuclear stations have an output of around 1600MW ? A nuclear power station typically occupies no more than 1Km^2 of land ? Windfarms in the UK produce on average 3MW per Km^2 ? 534Km^2 of wind turbines would be required to match the output of a nuclear power station.
  • 17. Nuclear Waste ? Used fuel can be reprocessed in to MOX fuel (Mixed OXide) ? Reprocessing reduces the volume of highlevel waste to about one fifth ? Stocks of plutonium can be disposed of by reprocessing into MOX or as fuel for fast breeder reactors ? The UK holds the world's largest stock of civilian plutonium
  • 18. Nuclear Safety ? UK nuclear power plants are highly regulated and are subject to strict safety standards and design approvals ? The UK nuclear Industry has a good safety record ? Last magnox reactor is still in use after 42 years with no issues ? The UK does not suffer from extreme weather or natural disasters
  • 19. References ? http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/FuelRecycling/Mixed-Oxide-Fuel-MOX/#.Umboq-vgLH8 ? http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/FuelRecycling/Processing-of-Used-Nuclear-Fuel/#.UmbSd-vgLH8 ? http://withouthotair.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/wind-farm-power-per-unitarea-data.html ? http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-TZ/United-Kingdom/#.Umb0IOvgLH_ ? http://www.edouardstenger.com/2009/10/26/10-reasons-to-supportnuclear-power/ ? http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/29/business/energyenvironment/29iht-sustain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 ? http://www.nda.gov.uk/ukinventory/the_inventory/waste-inventory.cfm ? http://withouthotair.blogspot.co.uk/2009/01/power-per-unit-land-area-ofwindfarms.html ? Sustainable Energy Presetation, Dr Stas Burek