This confidential report discusses nutrition disorders and provides information on protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. It notes that protein is the largest and most costly part of animal feed and is made of amino acids. Carbohydrates are the main energy source and include sugars and starches. Fats provide stored energy. Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients for health, growth, and reproduction. Calcium and phosphorus support bone formation and eggshell formation, while sodium and chloride maintain fluid balance. Protein, vitamin, and mineral deficiencies can impair growth, production, and health.
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Nutrition disorder
1. CONFIDENTIAL
Dec 2015
This report is solely for KOUDIJS senior management . No part of it may be circulated, quoted, or reproduced for
distribution outside KOUDIJS without prior written approval
Nutrition Disorder
Ahmad Abd Elkhabir (M.Sc)
Product Manager
1
2. AHMAD ABD ELKHABIR
M.SC ANIMAL NUTRITION
EMAIL:- A.ABDELKHABIR@KOUDIJSKAPO.COM
AHMAD_KHABIR@HOTMAIL.COM
MOB:- 00201022209961
00201005546889
SKYPE:- A.ABDELKHABIR
2
6. Protein
Largest and most costly part of the ration.
Composed of amino acids.
6
Protein
True ProteinNon true protein
Amino Acids
Nitrogen
compounds
7. 7
Protein
Crude Protein content Digestible Protein
total amount of protein in a
feed
calculated by multiplying
nitrogen content
percentage times 6.25
the protein in a feed
that can be digested
and used by the animal
usually about 50-80% of
crude protein
8. Protein
Enzymes are composed of protein.
Protein can be used to supply energy.
Some animals need more protein than others (young animals
and lactating (milk producing) animals).
8
10. Building blocks of life.
Tissue development.
Muscle production.
10
Amino Acids
11. Nonspecific:
1. Reduced growth.
2. Reduced feed consumption.
3. Decreased egg production.
4. Decreased egg size.
5. Loss of body weight in adults.
Consumption of a deficient diet:
1. Distortion in plasma and tissue amino acid levels.
2. Decrease in feed intake.
secondary amino acid deficiencies:
1. Reduction of body weight gain.
2. Increased body fat.
11
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID
DEFICIENCISE
12. Specific Effect
Methionine deficiency
Owing to its role in methyl group metabolism.
Choline or vitamin B12 deficiencies.
Lysine deficiency
Impaired pigmentation of Bronze turkey.
Stunting and retarded development in chicks.
Arginine deficiency tends
Tends the wing feathers to curl upward.
Giving the chick a distinct ruffled appearance.
12
15. Main source of energy.
Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Include sugars, starches and cellulose.
Almost all come from plants.
Generally found in grain (corn, wheat, oats and barley).
15
Carbohydrates
18. Group of organic compounds known as lipids.
Found in plants and animals.
Provide and store energy.
Essential fatty acids: necessary for production of some
hormones and hormone like substances.
Most important sources are the grains that contain oil.
18
Fats
19. Energy Effect
19
Energy Increase Energy Decrease
1. Increase fat
sedimentation rate
in body.
2. Decrease feed
consumption.
3. Decrease growth.
1. Decrease growth
rate.
2. Decrease body
weight.
20. Considered micronutrients.
Essential for the development of normal body processes
(health, growth, production and reproduction).
Provides animal with ability to fight stress, disease, and to
maintain good health.
20
Vitamins
24. 1. Growth.
2. Optimal vision.
3. Integrity of mucous membranes
Epithelial linings of alimentary (Urinary, Genital and
Respiratory system).
4. Vitamin A aldehyde, or retinal (visual pigments).
5. Retinoic acid (embryonic development).
6. The maintenance of epithelial tissues.
7. Mucus production.
8. Bone growth.
9. Immunity.
24
Vitamin A
25. Develop within 25 months.
Emaciated and weak.
Feathers are ruffled.
Egg production .
Time between clutches .
Hatchability .
Watery discharge (nostrils and eyes).
Milky white, caseous material (eyes).
25
Vitamin A Deficiency
26. 1. Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
2. Intestinal absorption of calcium.
3. Osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
4. Renal tubular reabsorption of calcium.
5. Vitamin D2 is not efficiently used by poultry.
26
Vitamin D
27. 1. Laying hens (after 2 weeks).
Thin-shelled and soft-shelled eggs.
Egg production.
25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in
the blood.
Blood calcium.
Leg weakness.
Penguin-type squat.
Soft later, beak, claws, keel.
27
Vitamin D Deficiency
29. 1. Antioxidant effect:
Reduces production of lipid.
2. Fertility.
3. Immune stimulant.
29
Vitamin E
30. 1. Hatchability of eggs.
2. Embryonic death as early as the fourth day of incubation.
3. Bilateral cataracts (Turkey embryos).
4. Testicular degeneration.
5. Fertility disorders.
6. Reduced hatchability.
7. Liver lesions and changes in fat deposits.
8. Death.
30
Vitamin E Deficiency
31. 1. Prothrombin.
2. Osteocalcin.
3. Other calcium binding proteins.
Deficiency of vitamin K:
1. Prolonged blood-clotting time.
2. Poor Growth.
31
Vitamin K
33. important cofactor in:
Oxidative decarboxylation reactions.
Aldehyde exchanges in carbohydrate metabolism.
Anorexia, Polyneuritis, Death.
Deficiency
1. Loss of weight.
2. Ruffled feathers.
3. Leg weakness.
4. Drop body temperature.
5. Decrease in respiration rate.
33
Vitamin Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
34. NAD- and NADP-cytochrome reductases.
Succinic dehydrogenase.
Acyl dehydrogenase.
Diaphoresis.
Deficiency
Poor growth.
Weak.
Diarrhea.
Do not walk.
Curled toe paralysis.
egg production .
embryonic mortality.
in size and fat content of the liver.
Hatchability of eggs.
34
Vitamin Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
35. Involved in: transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids
Deficiency
CHICKEN:
Depressed appetite.
Poor growth.
Death.
Duckling:
Poor growth.
Weakness.
Death.
Adult birds:
egg production and hatchability .
Decreased feed consumption.
Loss of weight.
Death.
35
Vitamin pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
36. Involved in:-
Nucleic acid and methyl synthesis.
Carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
Deficiency
Slow growth.
Decreased efficiency of feed utilization.
Mortality.
Reduced egg size and hatchability.
36
Vitamin Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
37. component of coenzyme A.
Deficiency
Broken feathers.
Poor growth.
Mortality.
Liver is hypertrophied.
Duodenal and pancreatic lesions.
lymphocytic necrosis.
37
Pantothenic Acid
38. Component in 2 important coenzymes:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP).
Deficiency
Inflammation of the mouth.
Diarrhea.
Poor feathering.
Decreased rate of egg production.
Reduced hatchability.
38
Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)
39. Factor in carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions
Deficiency
Embryonic mortality.
Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS).
Sudden death syndrome.
39
Biotin
40. Together with vitamin B12, it converts homocysteine into methionine.
Deficiency
Chicks:
1. Poor growth.
2. Very poor feathering.
3. Anemia (severe macrocytic anemia).
Breeders:
Increase in embryonic mortality.
40
Folic Acid
41. Antioxidant effect.
Improve Immunity.
Improved fertility.
Decrease stress.
Deficiency
1. Bone diseases.
2. Reduced eggshell stability.
3. Reduced immune reaction in general and after vaccination.
4. Decreased fertility.
41
Vitamin C
42. Methyl source in synthesis:
Methyl-containing compounds:
Methionine.
Carnitine.
Deficiency
Poor growth.
Increase fat in the liver.
42
Choline
44. 44
Macro Minerals
Minerals Source
Ca
Rock phosphorus plants produced from phosphate rock contains approximately
34% calcium
DI calcium from producer of phosphate rock phosphate (after getting rid of
fluorine) or from the bone after a private transaction and containing 23%
bone powder plants with steam containing 31%
limestone contain about 37%
P
Rock phosphorus plants produced from phosphate rock contains about 15%
phosphorus (P).
DI calcium produced phosphate from the phosphate rock (after getting rid of
fluorine) or from the bone after a private transaction and containing 18% P.
bone laboratory powder steam contains 14.5% P.
Na Salt
Cl Salt
magnesium Premix
potassium Premix
Sulfur Premix
45. 45
Micro Minerals
1. Manganese.
2. Zinc.
3. Iron.
4. Copper.
5. Molybdenum.
6. Selenium.
7. Iodine.
8. Cobalt.
All of these salts may be obtained synthetically, and are usually
vehicle with each other in the form of a mixture with vitamins
and added to the feed at a fixed rate (for example, from 2 to 4 kg
per 1,000 kg).
47. Utilization of calcium and phosphorus
depends on vitamin D
Bone formation
Eggshell formation.
Clotting of blood.
Contraction of cardiac muscle.
Regulation of cellular metabolism.
Deficiency
Rickets.
Reduced egg production.
Bones become so thin.
Thin-shelled eggs.
47
Calcium and Phosphorus
48. Increased respiratory rates.
Blood CO2 and O2 were decreased.
Died of right ventricular failure.
Excess Calcium
Nephrosis and visceral urate deposition.
Urolithiasis.
48
Phosphorous Deficiency and Calcium
Excess
49. Sodium
Maintenance of membrane potentials.
Cellular transport processes.
Regulation of the hydrogen ion.
Chloride
Extracellular fluid.
Ionic balance.
Acid-base balance.
49
Sodium and Chlorine (Salt)
50. Develop softening of bones.
Adrenal hypertrophy.
Decrease in both plasma and special fluid volumes.
Cardiac Output dropt.
Elasticity of subcutaneous tissue decreases.
Impaired adrenal function.
State of shock results.
Death.
laying hens
Decrease of egg production.
Reduced egg size.
Loss of weight.
Cannibalism.
50
Deficiency
51. Young chicks more susceptible than older chickens
Signs:
Inability to stand.
Muscular weakness.
Convulsive movements.
Death.
Right ventricular hypertrophy.
Right ventricular failure.
Sudden death.
Wet litter.
51
Excess Salt
52. Maintenance of membrane potential.
Cellular fluid balance.
Necessary for normal heart activity.
Deficiency
Muscle weakness.
Poor intestinal tone with distention.
Cardiac weakness.
Weakness of the respiratory muscles.
Death.
Decreased egg production.
Eggshell thinning.
52
Potassium
53. Magnesium is found in the bones and is needed to build proteins.
Involved in metabolism of (fat, carbohydrate and protein).
Deficiency
Egg production reduce.
Death.
Spasm.
53
Magnesium
54. Sulphur is found in protein molecules.
Involved in production of vitamins.
Deficiency
Poor growth.
54
Sulfur
60. 60
Zinc
Deficiency:
Retarded growth.
Poor feathering.
Enlarged hocks.
Short, thickened long bones.
Scaling of the skin and dermatosis (particularly on the feet).
Increased hematocrit.
61. 1. Glutathione peroxidase.
2. Protect tissues against oxidative damage.
Deficiency
Exudative diathesis.
Low body weight gain.
Increased mortality.
Poor growth and feathering.
Impaired fat digestion.
Pancreatic atrophy.
61
Selenium