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Obese creative diagnostics

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Creative-Diagnostics

This document discusses obesity, including its definition, prevalence, causes, characteristics, and related signaling pathways. Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of over 30 kg/m2 and affects around 30% of adults and 20% of children in the US. It results from an imbalance between calorie intake and expenditure and is influenced by genetic, dietary, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. Characteristics of obesity include low-grade inflammation and changes in gut microbiota and endocannabinoid signaling. The document examines signaling pathways related to obesity such as those involving free fatty acids, insulin, and saturated fats. Obesity is associated with various health conditions and is difficult to treat due to redundant pathways in the body

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WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Obese Signaling Pathway Creative Diagnostics
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM xyPPT.yanj.cn ÐÂÀË΢²©£º @ ÁùÔÂÑ© _1 Obese Obesity means a person who's very overweight, at least 20% higher than it should be.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM NHANES Obesity is a common problem in the US and worldwide. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, it's estimated to affect around 30% adults and around 20% children aged 10 to 11. For children, rates of obesity have risen even faster. Obesity is the second cause of death in the world and has reached epidemic proportions in recent years.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Definition Obesity and overweight involve an abnormal and excessive fat accumulation that negatively affects the health status.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM 1 5 4 3 2 Normal Weight 18.5~24.9 Overweight 25~29.9 Obese 30~34.9 Severe Obese 35~39.9 Morbidly Obese 40> Definition According to the World Health Organization (WHO), if body mass index (BMI) is equal or greater than 25 kg/m2, it is considered overweight, whereas the BMI higher than 30 kg/ m2 defines obesity.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Ä£°æÑо¿Ôº PPT CHART ACADEMY 6 It stems from a positive mismatch between energy intake and energy expenditure. Western societies are ¡°obesigenic¡± environments where people have become sedentary while food portions have grown ¡°super-sized¡± and highly processed convenience foods and soft drinks provide a glut of calories throughout the day. Factors
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Factors Actually, obesity is a consequence of complex interactions among genetic, environmental, socio-economic, dietary factors, and lifestyle factors .
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Genetic Dietary factors Socio-economic Lifestyle factors Factors Environmental
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Genetic Dietary factors Socio-economic Lifestyle factors Environmental Factors
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Factors Lifestyle factors particularly in early life, such as exposure to antibiotics, and other early life environmental modifiers which may be linked with epigenetic changes, are coming under scrutiny as risk factors for obesity later in life. The rapidity at which obesity is increasing in westernized or socio-economically developed countries is not fully explained by traditional theories of weight gain.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Characteristics of obesity include low-grade inflammation, altered microbiota, and increased tone of the endocannabinoid system. Characteristics
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Obese Signaling Pathways ?01 FFAs signaling pathway ?02 Insulin signaling pathway ?03 SFAs signaling pathway
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Obesity individuals secrete less adiponectin than lean individuals. The decreased production of adiponectin, in combination with the inability of adipose tissue to store the surplus free fatty acids (FFAs), can be considered to reflect adipose tissue dysfunction. Under normal conditions, adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity directly, by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Adiponectin, binding to adipo-receptor R1/R2, can activate 5¡ä-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased influx of FFAs into the liver. Independent of AMPK activation, adiponectin decreases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in decreased activation of mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) and thereby inhibition of cell proliferation.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines and other factors that affect insulin signaling and result in the development of insulin resistance which is frequently seen in obesity. Obesity induces lipolysis and release of pro- inflammatory FFAs and factors, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-¦Á). TNF-¦Á initiates signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) with the consequent regulation of gene expression, recruiting TNFR1-associated death domain (TRADD), TNF receptor- associated factor-2 (TRAF2), and receptor-interacting protein (RIP). They then induce TGF¦Â-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and TAK1-TAB complex which activates NF-¦ÊB essential modulator (NEMO), IKK¦Á, and IKK¦Â. The activation of the I¦ÊB kinase leads to phosphorylation of I¦ÊB and release of NF-¦ÊB, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds to the promoters of pro-inflammatory genes and initiates transcription.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Insulin binding to insulin receptor (IR), leads to the activation of receptor tyrosine kinase and receptor phosphorylation, which enables the binding of docking proteins such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS). It then stimulates cell proliferation through several downstream signaling networks, including the phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3K) -AKT system, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the MAPK systems.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are the major type of fats including lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. They can bind to Fetuin-A, an endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4, and initiate transcription of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by activating the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)-TIR-domain- containing adapter-inducing interferon-¦Â (TRIF)-dependent pathway. TNF receptor- associated factor-3 (TRAF3) is a ubiquitin ligase recruited to both MYD88 and TRIF- assembled signaling complexes. The IKK- related kinases (TBK1) and IKK¦Å activate IRF3, and activated IRF3 then translocates to the nucleus and binds to target DNA sequences.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Obesity is a chronic disease and is associated with numerous comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Therapy Moreover, obesity is a risk factor for major causes of morbidity and mortality and increasing evidence shows that a binge eating disorder (BED) affects a subset of obese patients. The failure of these efforts points to the existence of additional, non-homeostatic mechanisms that mediate feeding behavior. Indeed, redundancy in these pathways makes obesity therapy difficult as it is further evidenced by the failure of newer drugs targeting distinct aspects of these systems. Thus, the epidemic of obesity begs for novel concepts and therapeutic targets that ideally treat ¡®food-use¡¯ disorders and related comorbidities such as drug addiction and neuropsychiatric disorders.
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Do you want to know more about obesity? Do not hesitate to contact us for any questions. Email us at info@creative-diagnostics.com Website: http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/
WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Ä£°æÑо¿Ôº PPT CHART ACADEMY THANK YOU Website: http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/ Email: info@creative-diagnostics.com 45-1 Ramsey Road, Shirley, NY 11967, USA

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Obese creative diagnostics

  • 2. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM xyPPT.yanj.cn ÐÂÀË΢²©£º @ ÁùÔÂÑ© _1 Obese Obesity means a person who's very overweight, at least 20% higher than it should be.
  • 3. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM NHANES Obesity is a common problem in the US and worldwide. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, it's estimated to affect around 30% adults and around 20% children aged 10 to 11. For children, rates of obesity have risen even faster. Obesity is the second cause of death in the world and has reached epidemic proportions in recent years.
  • 4. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Definition Obesity and overweight involve an abnormal and excessive fat accumulation that negatively affects the health status.
  • 5. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM 1 5 4 3 2 Normal Weight 18.5~24.9 Overweight 25~29.9 Obese 30~34.9 Severe Obese 35~39.9 Morbidly Obese 40> Definition According to the World Health Organization (WHO), if body mass index (BMI) is equal or greater than 25 kg/m2, it is considered overweight, whereas the BMI higher than 30 kg/ m2 defines obesity.
  • 6. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Ä£°æÑо¿Ôº PPT CHART ACADEMY 6 It stems from a positive mismatch between energy intake and energy expenditure. Western societies are ¡°obesigenic¡± environments where people have become sedentary while food portions have grown ¡°super-sized¡± and highly processed convenience foods and soft drinks provide a glut of calories throughout the day. Factors
  • 7. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Factors Actually, obesity is a consequence of complex interactions among genetic, environmental, socio-economic, dietary factors, and lifestyle factors .
  • 10. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Factors Lifestyle factors particularly in early life, such as exposure to antibiotics, and other early life environmental modifiers which may be linked with epigenetic changes, are coming under scrutiny as risk factors for obesity later in life. The rapidity at which obesity is increasing in westernized or socio-economically developed countries is not fully explained by traditional theories of weight gain.
  • 11. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Characteristics of obesity include low-grade inflammation, altered microbiota, and increased tone of the endocannabinoid system. Characteristics
  • 12. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Obese Signaling Pathways ?01 FFAs signaling pathway ?02 Insulin signaling pathway ?03 SFAs signaling pathway
  • 13. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Obesity individuals secrete less adiponectin than lean individuals. The decreased production of adiponectin, in combination with the inability of adipose tissue to store the surplus free fatty acids (FFAs), can be considered to reflect adipose tissue dysfunction. Under normal conditions, adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity directly, by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. Adiponectin, binding to adipo-receptor R1/R2, can activate 5¡ä-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased influx of FFAs into the liver. Independent of AMPK activation, adiponectin decreases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in decreased activation of mitogen-activated-protein-kinase (MAPK) and thereby inhibition of cell proliferation.
  • 14. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Cells of the innate immune system produce cytokines and other factors that affect insulin signaling and result in the development of insulin resistance which is frequently seen in obesity. Obesity induces lipolysis and release of pro- inflammatory FFAs and factors, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-¦Á). TNF-¦Á initiates signaling through tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) with the consequent regulation of gene expression, recruiting TNFR1-associated death domain (TRADD), TNF receptor- associated factor-2 (TRAF2), and receptor-interacting protein (RIP). They then induce TGF¦Â-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and TAK1-TAB complex which activates NF-¦ÊB essential modulator (NEMO), IKK¦Á, and IKK¦Â. The activation of the I¦ÊB kinase leads to phosphorylation of I¦ÊB and release of NF-¦ÊB, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds to the promoters of pro-inflammatory genes and initiates transcription.
  • 15. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Insulin binding to insulin receptor (IR), leads to the activation of receptor tyrosine kinase and receptor phosphorylation, which enables the binding of docking proteins such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS). It then stimulates cell proliferation through several downstream signaling networks, including the phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3K) -AKT system, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the MAPK systems.
  • 16. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are the major type of fats including lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids. They can bind to Fetuin-A, an endogenous ligand of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4, and initiate transcription of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) by activating the myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88)-TIR-domain- containing adapter-inducing interferon-¦Â (TRIF)-dependent pathway. TNF receptor- associated factor-3 (TRAF3) is a ubiquitin ligase recruited to both MYD88 and TRIF- assembled signaling complexes. The IKK- related kinases (TBK1) and IKK¦Å activate IRF3, and activated IRF3 then translocates to the nucleus and binds to target DNA sequences.
  • 17. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Obesity is a chronic disease and is associated with numerous comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Therapy Moreover, obesity is a risk factor for major causes of morbidity and mortality and increasing evidence shows that a binge eating disorder (BED) affects a subset of obese patients. The failure of these efforts points to the existence of additional, non-homeostatic mechanisms that mediate feeding behavior. Indeed, redundancy in these pathways makes obesity therapy difficult as it is further evidenced by the failure of newer drugs targeting distinct aspects of these systems. Thus, the epidemic of obesity begs for novel concepts and therapeutic targets that ideally treat ¡®food-use¡¯ disorders and related comorbidities such as drug addiction and neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • 18. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Do you want to know more about obesity? Do not hesitate to contact us for any questions. Email us at info@creative-diagnostics.com Website: http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/
  • 19. WWW.CREATIVE-DIAGNOSTICS.COM Ä£°æÑо¿Ôº PPT CHART ACADEMY THANK YOU Website: http://www.creative-diagnostics.com/ Email: info@creative-diagnostics.com 45-1 Ramsey Road, Shirley, NY 11967, USA