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Objectives
NEXT


           Value Focused Thinking
 Objectives play a central role in decision making
 If you dont care, you dont have a problem
 If you dont know where youre going, you might end up
  somewhere else
 Objectives guide all phases of the decision making
  process (including what information to seek and what
  other people to involve)
NEXT


  Let Your Objectives Be Your Guide
 The process of thinking through and writing down your
  objectives goes a long way towards making a smart
  choice
 Objectives help you determine what information to seek
 Objectives can help you explain your choice to others
 Objectives determine a decisions importance
  and, consequently, how much time and effort it deserves
NEXT


                     Objectives
 Objectives specify what you hope to achieve
 Refine with a short phrase of a verb and an object


Examples:
 Minimize environmental damage
 Maximize profits
NEXT


    The Art of Identifying Objectives
Step 1: Write down all the concerns you hope to address
        through your decision
Step 2: Convert your concerns into succinct objectives
Step 3: Separate ends from means to establish your
        fundamental objectives
Step 4: Clarify what you mean by each objective
Step 5: Test your objectives to see if they capture your
        interests
NEXT


    Techniques to Identify Objectives
 Use a wish list
 Think about alternatives
 Imagine possible consequences
 Describe problems and shortcomings
 Identify goals, constraints and guidelines
 Use different perspectives
 Think about strategic objectives
 Ask why for each objective
 Do individual thinking first
NEXT


             Organize Objectives
Means Objective: an objective whose importance stems
from its contributions to achieving another objective.

Fundamental Objective: objective that defines a basic
reason for caring about a decision.

Example:
 Means Objective - arrive home from work early
 Fundamental Objective - make my spouse happy
NEXT


Uses of Means and Fundamental Objectives


  Only fundamental objectives should be used to evaluate
   and compare options
  Means objectives can be used to create options
  Whether an objective is a means or a fundamental
   objective depends on the decision context
NEXT


  Fundamental Objectives Hierarchy
 Fundamental objectives can be structured in a hierarchy
 The most general objective is at the top
 Lower-level objectives explain the meaning of upper-level
  objectives
 Achievement of the lowest-level objectives can be
  measured using attributes to describe and evaluate the
  various options
NEXT

   Guidelines for Structuring a Fundamental
  Objectives Hierarchy from a List of Objectives


 Include only fundamental objectives (no means
  objectives)
 Expand meaning of higher-level objectives
 May have more than one highest-level objective
 Is equivalent to an outline
NEXT


   Means-Ends Objectives Network
 Means objectives and fundamental (ends) objectives can
  be related in a means-ends network
 The network of means objectives shows how the
  corresponding fundamental objectives can be achieved
 A Means-Ends objectives network can be used to
  generate alternatives
NEXT

   Guidelines for Structuring a Means-Ends
   Objective Network from a list of Objectives

 Has highest-level fundamental objectives as ends
 Include all objectives except lower-level fundamental
  objectives
 Use all direct means-ends relationships
       (ask why this objective is important)
 May identify and add new objectives
       (when asking why)
Summary of How to Construct Objectives
     Hierarchies and Networks
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Objectives

  • 2. NEXT Value Focused Thinking Objectives play a central role in decision making If you dont care, you dont have a problem If you dont know where youre going, you might end up somewhere else Objectives guide all phases of the decision making process (including what information to seek and what other people to involve)
  • 3. NEXT Let Your Objectives Be Your Guide The process of thinking through and writing down your objectives goes a long way towards making a smart choice Objectives help you determine what information to seek Objectives can help you explain your choice to others Objectives determine a decisions importance and, consequently, how much time and effort it deserves
  • 4. NEXT Objectives Objectives specify what you hope to achieve Refine with a short phrase of a verb and an object Examples: Minimize environmental damage Maximize profits
  • 5. NEXT The Art of Identifying Objectives Step 1: Write down all the concerns you hope to address through your decision Step 2: Convert your concerns into succinct objectives Step 3: Separate ends from means to establish your fundamental objectives Step 4: Clarify what you mean by each objective Step 5: Test your objectives to see if they capture your interests
  • 6. NEXT Techniques to Identify Objectives Use a wish list Think about alternatives Imagine possible consequences Describe problems and shortcomings Identify goals, constraints and guidelines Use different perspectives Think about strategic objectives Ask why for each objective Do individual thinking first
  • 7. NEXT Organize Objectives Means Objective: an objective whose importance stems from its contributions to achieving another objective. Fundamental Objective: objective that defines a basic reason for caring about a decision. Example: Means Objective - arrive home from work early Fundamental Objective - make my spouse happy
  • 8. NEXT Uses of Means and Fundamental Objectives Only fundamental objectives should be used to evaluate and compare options Means objectives can be used to create options Whether an objective is a means or a fundamental objective depends on the decision context
  • 9. NEXT Fundamental Objectives Hierarchy Fundamental objectives can be structured in a hierarchy The most general objective is at the top Lower-level objectives explain the meaning of upper-level objectives Achievement of the lowest-level objectives can be measured using attributes to describe and evaluate the various options
  • 10. NEXT Guidelines for Structuring a Fundamental Objectives Hierarchy from a List of Objectives Include only fundamental objectives (no means objectives) Expand meaning of higher-level objectives May have more than one highest-level objective Is equivalent to an outline
  • 11. NEXT Means-Ends Objectives Network Means objectives and fundamental (ends) objectives can be related in a means-ends network The network of means objectives shows how the corresponding fundamental objectives can be achieved A Means-Ends objectives network can be used to generate alternatives
  • 12. NEXT Guidelines for Structuring a Means-Ends Objective Network from a list of Objectives Has highest-level fundamental objectives as ends Include all objectives except lower-level fundamental objectives Use all direct means-ends relationships (ask why this objective is important) May identify and add new objectives (when asking why)
  • 13. Summary of How to Construct Objectives Hierarchies and Networks