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Measuring Well-being in Rural
Areas - an Island Perspective
Erik Bäckström – Regional Analyst, Region Gotland, Sweden
• The largest Baltic island (3,140
km²)
• The least populated Swedish
region ( 61 000, 0.6% of the
Swedish population, with ~26,000 in
Visby)
• Smallest regional economy
(contributing 0.43% of Swedish
GDP)
• Has regional and municipal
administrative responsibilities
• Economic geography is relatively
diverse despite its small size
Determinants of Health
In the context of determinants of health – how are we Gotlanders doing?
Long life expectancy:
Reflects overall good health
conditions.
Active elderly population:
Many older residents
maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Outdoor activities: Gotland’s
nature supports active
lifestyles.
Declining smoking rates:
Fewer smokers lead to better
public health.
Active community life:
Strong local networks and
associations promote social
cohesion.
Engaged residents: High
participation in local events
and cultural activities.
Aging population: Puts strain
on healthcare and increases
age-related illnesses.
Gender health gaps: Women
report more mental health
issues, while men face
shorter lifespans.
Obesity concerns: Rising
rates of obesity, especially
among children.
High alcohol consumption:
Certain groups have higher-
than-average alcohol use.
Lonely elderly: Many older
adults face social isolation.
Integration challenges: Low
immigration affects social
inclusion and diversity.
Good work environment:
Low unemployment and
strong local
entrepreneurship.
Access to education: Quality
schools and higher education
in Visby.
Limited job opportunities:
Few specialized positions
force some to relocate.
Housing shortage: Lack of
housing, especially in Visby,
creates challenges.
Climate vulnerability:
Susceptibility to droughts and
extreme weather affects
health and livelihoods.
Seasonal economy: Tourism
and agriculture create
economic instability during
off-seasons.
High quality of life: Gotland
offers a peaceful environment
with strong local culture.
Clean environment:
Excellent air quality and
sustainability efforts enhance
health.
Age, Sex, and
Constitutional Factors
Individual lifestyle
factors
Social and community
networks
Living and working
conditions
Socio-economic, cultural
and environmental
conditions
But is this the truth?
What do we really know?
Challenges in Measuring Well-being Accurately in
Islands
Strategies to Address Challenges in Measuring
Well-being on Islands
Thank You!
Contact info:
Erik Bäckström – Regional Analyst, Region Gotland, Sweden
Email: erik.backstrom@gotland.se
Telephone: +46 498 204 911, +46 070 788 7829

More Related Content

OECD Rural Principles series: Measuring Well-Being in Rural Areas - Bridging Gaps in Data and Perception – E. Bäckström

  • 1. Measuring Well-being in Rural Areas - an Island Perspective Erik Bäckström – Regional Analyst, Region Gotland, Sweden
  • 2. • The largest Baltic island (3,140 km²) • The least populated Swedish region ( 61 000, 0.6% of the Swedish population, with ~26,000 in Visby) • Smallest regional economy (contributing 0.43% of Swedish GDP) • Has regional and municipal administrative responsibilities • Economic geography is relatively diverse despite its small size
  • 4. In the context of determinants of health – how are we Gotlanders doing? Long life expectancy: Reflects overall good health conditions. Active elderly population: Many older residents maintain a healthy lifestyle. Outdoor activities: Gotland’s nature supports active lifestyles. Declining smoking rates: Fewer smokers lead to better public health. Active community life: Strong local networks and associations promote social cohesion. Engaged residents: High participation in local events and cultural activities. Aging population: Puts strain on healthcare and increases age-related illnesses. Gender health gaps: Women report more mental health issues, while men face shorter lifespans. Obesity concerns: Rising rates of obesity, especially among children. High alcohol consumption: Certain groups have higher- than-average alcohol use. Lonely elderly: Many older adults face social isolation. Integration challenges: Low immigration affects social inclusion and diversity. Good work environment: Low unemployment and strong local entrepreneurship. Access to education: Quality schools and higher education in Visby. Limited job opportunities: Few specialized positions force some to relocate. Housing shortage: Lack of housing, especially in Visby, creates challenges. Climate vulnerability: Susceptibility to droughts and extreme weather affects health and livelihoods. Seasonal economy: Tourism and agriculture create economic instability during off-seasons. High quality of life: Gotland offers a peaceful environment with strong local culture. Clean environment: Excellent air quality and sustainability efforts enhance health. Age, Sex, and Constitutional Factors Individual lifestyle factors Social and community networks Living and working conditions Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
  • 5. But is this the truth? What do we really know?
  • 6. Challenges in Measuring Well-being Accurately in Islands
  • 7. Strategies to Address Challenges in Measuring Well-being on Islands
  • 8. Thank You! Contact info: Erik Bäckström – Regional Analyst, Region Gotland, Sweden Email: erik.backstrom@gotland.se Telephone: +46 498 204 911, +46 070 788 7829

Editor's Notes

  • #5: Of course, this is true, depending on how one views the concept of truth. However, the data we have, as presented in the previous slide, is on a very general level and lacks any form of high granularity
  • #6: Challenges in Measuring Well-being Accurately in Islands Geographic Isolation: Islands often face unique challenges due to their physical separation from the mainland, which can hinder regular data collection and service delivery. Transportation and logistical issues can make it costly and time-consuming to conduct surveys or access detailed records. Small and Dispersed Populations: Smaller populations on islands lead to statistical challenges, such as small sample sizes, which can compromise the reliability of data. Variations between different island communities further complicate creating standardized metrics. Economic and Environmental Vulnerabilities: Island economies often rely on a limited range of industries (e.g., tourism, fishing), making them susceptible to economic shocks. Capturing this vulnerability in well-being metrics is complex. Environmental risks such as climate change and rising sea levels disproportionately affect islands, requiring specific indicators for resilience and sustainability. Seasonality of Data: Islands frequently experience fluctuations in population and economic activity due to tourism. Metrics like income, employment, or service demand may vary significantly between seasons. This makes it difficult to capture a representative snapshot of well-being. Cultural and Contextual Differences: Islands often have unique cultural identities, traditions, and ways of life that are not easily reflected in standardized well-being indicators. Standard metrics may overlook important aspects of community cohesion, cultural heritage, and connection to the natural environment. Service Accessibility and Inequities: Limited access to healthcare, education, and other essential services on islands can impact well-being, but these issues may not always be fully captured in conventional data systems. Comparing islands to mainland areas without context can mask these disparities. Lack of Disaggregated Data: Data for islands is often aggregated at the national or regional level, making it difficult to isolate island-specific challenges and insights. This can lead to policies that fail to address the distinct needs of island communities. Governance and Multi-Level Coordination: Islands may experience gaps in governance or challenges with coordination between local, regional, and national governments, leading to fragmented data collection and policy-making.
  • #7: Strategies to Address Challenges in Measuring Well-being on Islands Tailored Data Collection: Develop Island-Specific Indicators: Create metrics that reflect the unique challenges and opportunities on islands, such as: Climate resilience and environmental sustainability. Dependence on external resources (e.g., energy, goods). Tourism's impact on local communities. Capture Seasonal Variations: Conduct surveys at different times of the year to account for fluctuations in population, income, and service needs due to tourism or migration. Invest in Data Infrastructure: Leverage Technology: Use mobile data collection tools, satellite imagery, and online surveys to gather real-time information from remote island locations. Establish Local Data Centers: Create regional hubs for data collection, analysis, and sharing to improve the quality and accessibility of island-specific data. Promote Disaggregated Data: Ensure that data from islands is separated from mainland or regional averages to highlight their distinct circumstances. Use multi-level governance frameworks to collect and report data specifically for islands. Community Participation: Involve island residents and local organizations in designing and collecting data. This ensures that the metrics are relevant and rooted in the community’s lived experiences. Use participatory methods such as workshops, focus groups, and citizen science to gather insights on local well-being. Strengthen Multi-Level Governance: Facilitate collaboration between local, regional, and national governments to standardize data collection processes and share resources. Develop policies that recognize the autonomy of island communities while integrating their needs into broader development strategies. Rural proofing as a concept is, of course, very appealing. However, in our case, this is not enough; we therefore aim to further develop the concept into an Island proofing approach. Address Gaps in Service Access Metrics: Develop indicators that measure access to essential services (e.g., healthcare, education, and transportation) in remote island communities. Use these indicators to advocate for improved service delivery and resource allocation. Foster Sustainable Economic Metrics: Include measures of economic intersectionality, diversification, resilience, and dependency on single industries (e.g., tourism or fishing). Highlight the balance between economic growth and preserving traditional lifestyles and cultural heritage. Global and Regional Collaboration: Engage with international organizations (e.g., OECD, UN) and regional bodies to share best practices and develop standardized frameworks for measuring well-being on islands. Leverage existing island-focused initiatives, such as Island Proofing, to build robust data systems.