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ONR DI Present Oct 2011

Eric Summers
Eric Summers

The document discusses research initiatives on the magnetostrictive alloy Galfenol being conducted by ETREMA Products. It provides an overview of Galfenol processing techniques including Bridgman growth and rolling that produce textured microstructures. Properties of Galfenol such as high magnetostriction and permeability are reviewed. Future research directions including magnetic field annealing, high temperature testing, and alloying additions to reduce material costs are presented.

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Galfenol Technologies at GalfenolResearchInitiatives ETREMA Products Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation StateoftheArt&FutureDirection EricSummers,VP&ChiefMaterials Engineer 1
SpecialthankstoONRfortheirsupportofGalfenol Research Acknowledgements: NSWC Carderock,MagneticMaterialsGroupincludingArtClark GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation AmesLaboratory,Dr.TomLograsso GalfenolMURImembersleadbyDr.AlisonFlatau KanazawaUniversity,Dr.ToshiyukiUeno Allotherresearcherswhohavecontributedtoourbodyof knowledge Remember:ClarkAE,RestorffJB,WunFogleM,Lograsso 2 TA,SchlagelDL(2000)IEEETransMagn36:3238
Presentation Topics Galfenolprocessingtechniques Properties FuturedirectionofGalfenol GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation technology Galfenoltechnologyroadmap Commercialization 3
Magnetostriction vs. Composition (single crystal) 450 Fe 100xGa x 400 H=15kOe Fe1-xGa(0.15 x 0.20) 350 3/2 了100 (x10 6) 300 ETREMAs efforts have GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation focused on the first 250 magnetostrictive peak between 15 at% Ga and 20 at% Ga 200 Galfenol alloys available at this 150 compositional range 100 FurnaceCooled Quenched 50 DirectionallySolidified(Unannealed) QuenchedinBrine FurnaceCooled,Multiphase 0 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 x Single crystal data courtesy of NSWC Carderock Magnetic Materials Group
Galfenol Alloy Feedstock Variousfeedstockalloysand shapesproduced Bottompourunitwith2kg capacity chillcastinto variousmoldgeometries GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Equipmentlimitscapacity thatcanbeproduced FSZM Bridgman RollingIngot 5
Primary Production Method AdvancedBridgmanProcess Directionalsolidification method Strong<100>texture Primarycomposition=18.4 GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation at%Ga(nominal) Othercompositionsaround1st peakcanbeproduced Typicalgeometry:24mmdiax 250mmlength Currentequipmentlimitsrod sizesthatcanbeproduced PhotoofGalfenolbeingproducedviaBridgmanProcess Laborintensive 6
粥壊C温壊岳油酷艶艶糸壊岳看界一油粥鉛鉛看霞 EBSD Comparison BridgmanRod ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 7 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
Typical Quasi-static Curves AsgrownBridgmanrod;Fe 18.4at%Ganominalcomposition GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 皆岳姻温庄稼油厩壊.油珂温乙稼艶岳庄界油酷庄艶鉛糸 FluxDensityvs.MagneticField 8
Comparison to Terfenol-D Lessfieldrequiredtoreach Largersaturationfluxdensity saturation Higherpermeability Largerprestressesnecessary Lesshysteresis GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 皆岳姻温庄稼油厩壊.油珂温乙稼艶岳庄界油酷庄艶鉛糸 FluxDensityvs.MagneticField 9
Galfenol Properties TypicalpropertiesofpolycrystallineGalfenol(Fe81.6Ga18.4) AsgrownmaterialviaBridgmanProcess Saturation Strain 200 250 ppm at 48 MPa applied compressive load Piezomagnetic Constant, d33 15 30 nm/A, lower values at larger stresses Saturating Magnetic Field 100 250 Oe, value depends upon stress applied with larger stresses GalfenolResearchInitiatives requiring high magnetic fields to reach saturation Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Saturation Magnetic Flux Density 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Permeability, 亮r 75 100, lower values at larger stresses Coercivity, Hc 10 Oe Hysteresis (major loop) 1000 J/m3 Curie Temp. 950 K Density 7800 kg/m3 Hard Youngs Modulus 75 GPa Soft Youngs Modulus 40 GPa Tensile Strength 350 MPa 10 Elongation 1%
Galfenol Lamination Benefits Material Permeability Resistivity Mechanicalrobustness (亮r) () Highpermeability Galfenol 75-100 8.5x10-7 βm efficientmagneticcircuit Terfenol 2-10 6.0x10-7 βm Lowmagnetichysteresis GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation ~10xlessthanTerfenolD Critical Skin Depth w ith Frequency 100000 Terfenol-D Galfenol Disadvantages 10000 Frequency, Hz Eddycurrentlosses Criticalskindepth(20kHz) 1000 隆Galfenol =0.38mm(0.015) 隆Terfenol =1.23mm(0.048) 11 村了sat 100 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Critical Skin Depth, m m
Galfenol Rolling Viablehighvolume,lowcostproductionmethod Highlytexturedmicrostructure;(110)<001> RD (Goss) Largegrains Largemagnetostrictionsmeasuredinindividualsheet samples;>250ppm GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Typicalsheetdimensions:11lengthx3widthx0.014thick Investigatingmethodstoproducethinnersheets Labscaleprocess verylaborintensive 12
Rolled Sheet Stacks NominalGacontent:18 at% Multistagerollingto0.36 mm(0.014) GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation TexturedsheetsviaHT RD Samplesectioning RD 10mmx15mm ND TD Laminatedsheetstack assembly 20laminates/stackwith ~35袖m(0.0015)bondline 13
d33 =20nm/A 了sat =215ppm 袖r =85 Msat =1.3T Stack Characterization ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 14 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
Galfenol Machining Examples ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 15 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
Welding & Forging LaserweldingcourtesyofDRDCAtlantic ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 16 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
Stress Annealing at ETREMA Stressannealingprocessbuildsinacompressivestressinto theGalfenolsample(referredtoasanuniaxialanisotropy) Result:fullmagnetostrictiveperformancewithoutanextrinsiccompressive stressapplied Goodmagnetostrictiveperformanceoutintotension GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Maximumbuiltinstressachieved=64MPa Typical=45MPa Processcanbetailoredforacertainstressrange ETREMAhassuccessfullystressannealedGalfenolalloysfrom 15at%to18.4at%Ga Includingternaryalloyscontainingaluminum Currentequipmentlimitslengthofastressannealed 17 specimento125mm
TestdatacourtesyNSWC CarderockMagneticMaterialsGroup Galfenol in Tension ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 18 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
TECHNOLOGY FUTURE DIRECTION OF GALFENOL ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 19 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
Magnetic Field Annealing Magneticfieldannealing(FA) processesunderinvestigationat ETREMA Resultsconsistentwithefforts accomplishedunderMURI GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Finalizingprocessparameters Currently,smallexperimental setupavailableforfieldannealing samples 6.35mmdiax50mmlength, typicalFAgeometry 20 3x3x6chamberforFA
Corner Stress Test Results GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 21 TestdatacourtesyNSWC CarderockMagneticMaterialsGroup
皆岳姻温庄稼油厩壊.油珂温乙稼艶岳庄界油酷庄艶鉛糸 Annealing Field vs. Stress FluxDensityvs.MagneticField ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 22 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
Temperature Effects GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation FAsample,200属C(notshown) 755hrsexposure,<5%dropin了satmeasured 23
Elevated Temperature Properties InquiriesintodesigningGalfenolactuatorsthatcanoperate underextremeconditions;suchaselevatedtemperature Magneticpropertycharacterizationatelevatedtemperatures Quasistatictestingupto400属C GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 了 andBversusH,d33 and亮rtobestudied 24
Fe-Ga-Al/Fe-Al Alloys Reductioninalloycostcriticalfor acceptanceincommercial applications TodaysGamarketprice:$800 $1000/kg Purchasedatsignificantquantities(50 kglots) GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Pricestrendingup M.D.Brooks,E.Summers,R.Meloy,J. Mosley,Aluminumadditionsin polycrystallineirongallium(Galfenol) alloys,Proc.SPIE6929,69291T (2008) Focusonsmalldiameter,6.35mm, FSZMsamples Fe80.681.6Ga9.813.8Al4.99.8 Difficultyachievingconsistenttexture 25 ScaleuptoAdvanceBridgmanstage, evaluateproperties
Galfenol Wire Fabrication PartofaPhaseIISBIRefforton energyharvesting Developwirefabrication processingforGalfenolalloys GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation ETREMA/AmesLab Photosofthe0.014diameterwireproducedoftheFe90Ga10 Severalcontinuousfeetofwire produced;10at%Ga Earlyoninprocess Afterdrawing development Transitionpartneridentified andinterestedinscalingup processifdemandexists AfterHT 26
Galfenol (a non-REE smart technology) SupplyofTerbiumandDysprosiumpotentiallyaprobleminthe foreseeablefuture Galliumdoesnothavethesamesupplyrisk GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 27 Figures copied from US Dept. of Energy, Critical Materials Strategy December 2010, p. 8
Galfenol Technology Roadmap 6.1(Basic GalfenolDiscovery Research) GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 6.2(Advanced Processes Properties Established Characterized Research) 6.3(Technology Actuators Energy Multifunctional Harvesters/Sensors Structures Development) 28
Applications Development ETREMA SignificantinterestinusingGalfenolforenergyharvesting Medicaldevicetoolinearlydevelopmentstage(actuator) VerylowfrequencysourcesforUSNavy GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Inallcasescoststoproducemustbelowered Reducerawmaterialcosts Scaleupproduction 29
Technology Commercialization Currentprocessingtechnologiesnearingacrossroad Alloying,Bridgman,Rolling,StressAnnealing,etc Onlycapableofproducingsmallquantities Processscaleupabsolutelynecessarytomeetcommercial GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation applicationquantityandpricingrequirements Scaleupwillrequireinvestmentinequipmentand infrastructure($) Difficulttoobtain$$$intodayslowriskeconomicenvironment EndusersmustbeopentonegotiatingandexecutingSupply Agreements 30

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ONR DI Present Oct 2011

  • 1. Galfenol Technologies at GalfenolResearchInitiatives ETREMA Products Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation StateoftheArt&FutureDirection EricSummers,VP&ChiefMaterials Engineer 1
  • 2. SpecialthankstoONRfortheirsupportofGalfenol Research Acknowledgements: NSWC Carderock,MagneticMaterialsGroupincludingArtClark GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation AmesLaboratory,Dr.TomLograsso GalfenolMURImembersleadbyDr.AlisonFlatau KanazawaUniversity,Dr.ToshiyukiUeno Allotherresearcherswhohavecontributedtoourbodyof knowledge Remember:ClarkAE,RestorffJB,WunFogleM,Lograsso 2 TA,SchlagelDL(2000)IEEETransMagn36:3238
  • 3. Presentation Topics Galfenolprocessingtechniques Properties FuturedirectionofGalfenol GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation technology Galfenoltechnologyroadmap Commercialization 3
  • 4. Magnetostriction vs. Composition (single crystal) 450 Fe 100xGa x 400 H=15kOe Fe1-xGa(0.15 x 0.20) 350 3/2 了100 (x10 6) 300 ETREMAs efforts have GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation focused on the first 250 magnetostrictive peak between 15 at% Ga and 20 at% Ga 200 Galfenol alloys available at this 150 compositional range 100 FurnaceCooled Quenched 50 DirectionallySolidified(Unannealed) QuenchedinBrine FurnaceCooled,Multiphase 0 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 x Single crystal data courtesy of NSWC Carderock Magnetic Materials Group
  • 5. Galfenol Alloy Feedstock Variousfeedstockalloysand shapesproduced Bottompourunitwith2kg capacity chillcastinto variousmoldgeometries GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Equipmentlimitscapacity thatcanbeproduced FSZM Bridgman RollingIngot 5
  • 6. Primary Production Method AdvancedBridgmanProcess Directionalsolidification method Strong<100>texture Primarycomposition=18.4 GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation at%Ga(nominal) Othercompositionsaround1st peakcanbeproduced Typicalgeometry:24mmdiax 250mmlength Currentequipmentlimitsrod sizesthatcanbeproduced PhotoofGalfenolbeingproducedviaBridgmanProcess Laborintensive 6
  • 7. 粥壊C温壊岳油酷艶艶糸壊岳看界一油粥鉛鉛看霞 EBSD Comparison BridgmanRod ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 7 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
  • 8. Typical Quasi-static Curves AsgrownBridgmanrod;Fe 18.4at%Ganominalcomposition GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 皆岳姻温庄稼油厩壊.油珂温乙稼艶岳庄界油酷庄艶鉛糸 FluxDensityvs.MagneticField 8
  • 9. Comparison to Terfenol-D Lessfieldrequiredtoreach Largersaturationfluxdensity saturation Higherpermeability Largerprestressesnecessary Lesshysteresis GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 皆岳姻温庄稼油厩壊.油珂温乙稼艶岳庄界油酷庄艶鉛糸 FluxDensityvs.MagneticField 9
  • 10. Galfenol Properties TypicalpropertiesofpolycrystallineGalfenol(Fe81.6Ga18.4) AsgrownmaterialviaBridgmanProcess Saturation Strain 200 250 ppm at 48 MPa applied compressive load Piezomagnetic Constant, d33 15 30 nm/A, lower values at larger stresses Saturating Magnetic Field 100 250 Oe, value depends upon stress applied with larger stresses GalfenolResearchInitiatives requiring high magnetic fields to reach saturation Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Saturation Magnetic Flux Density 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Permeability, 亮r 75 100, lower values at larger stresses Coercivity, Hc 10 Oe Hysteresis (major loop) 1000 J/m3 Curie Temp. 950 K Density 7800 kg/m3 Hard Youngs Modulus 75 GPa Soft Youngs Modulus 40 GPa Tensile Strength 350 MPa 10 Elongation 1%
  • 11. Galfenol Lamination Benefits Material Permeability Resistivity Mechanicalrobustness (亮r) () Highpermeability Galfenol 75-100 8.5x10-7 βm efficientmagneticcircuit Terfenol 2-10 6.0x10-7 βm Lowmagnetichysteresis GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation ~10xlessthanTerfenolD Critical Skin Depth w ith Frequency 100000 Terfenol-D Galfenol Disadvantages 10000 Frequency, Hz Eddycurrentlosses Criticalskindepth(20kHz) 1000 隆Galfenol =0.38mm(0.015) 隆Terfenol =1.23mm(0.048) 11 村了sat 100 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Critical Skin Depth, m m
  • 12. Galfenol Rolling Viablehighvolume,lowcostproductionmethod Highlytexturedmicrostructure;(110)<001> RD (Goss) Largegrains Largemagnetostrictionsmeasuredinindividualsheet samples;>250ppm GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Typicalsheetdimensions:11lengthx3widthx0.014thick Investigatingmethodstoproducethinnersheets Labscaleprocess verylaborintensive 12
  • 13. Rolled Sheet Stacks NominalGacontent:18 at% Multistagerollingto0.36 mm(0.014) GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation TexturedsheetsviaHT RD Samplesectioning RD 10mmx15mm ND TD Laminatedsheetstack assembly 20laminates/stackwith ~35袖m(0.0015)bondline 13
  • 14. d33 =20nm/A 了sat =215ppm 袖r =85 Msat =1.3T Stack Characterization ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 14 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
  • 15. Galfenol Machining Examples ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 15 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
  • 16. Welding & Forging LaserweldingcourtesyofDRDCAtlantic ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 16 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
  • 17. Stress Annealing at ETREMA Stressannealingprocessbuildsinacompressivestressinto theGalfenolsample(referredtoasanuniaxialanisotropy) Result:fullmagnetostrictiveperformancewithoutanextrinsiccompressive stressapplied Goodmagnetostrictiveperformanceoutintotension GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Maximumbuiltinstressachieved=64MPa Typical=45MPa Processcanbetailoredforacertainstressrange ETREMAhassuccessfullystressannealedGalfenolalloysfrom 15at%to18.4at%Ga Includingternaryalloyscontainingaluminum Currentequipmentlimitslengthofastressannealed 17 specimento125mm
  • 18. TestdatacourtesyNSWC CarderockMagneticMaterialsGroup Galfenol in Tension ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 18 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
  • 19. TECHNOLOGY FUTURE DIRECTION OF GALFENOL ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 19 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
  • 20. Magnetic Field Annealing Magneticfieldannealing(FA) processesunderinvestigationat ETREMA Resultsconsistentwithefforts accomplishedunderMURI GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Finalizingprocessparameters Currently,smallexperimental setupavailableforfieldannealing samples 6.35mmdiax50mmlength, typicalFAgeometry 20 3x3x6chamberforFA
  • 21. Corner Stress Test Results GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 21 TestdatacourtesyNSWC CarderockMagneticMaterialsGroup
  • 22. 皆岳姻温庄稼油厩壊.油珂温乙稼艶岳庄界油酷庄艶鉛糸 Annealing Field vs. Stress FluxDensityvs.MagneticField ETREMAProprietaryInformation GalfenolResearchInitiatives 22 Meeting,Oct.27,2011
  • 23. Temperature Effects GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation FAsample,200属C(notshown) 755hrsexposure,<5%dropin了satmeasured 23
  • 24. Elevated Temperature Properties InquiriesintodesigningGalfenolactuatorsthatcanoperate underextremeconditions;suchaselevatedtemperature Magneticpropertycharacterizationatelevatedtemperatures Quasistatictestingupto400属C GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 了 andBversusH,d33 and亮rtobestudied 24
  • 25. Fe-Ga-Al/Fe-Al Alloys Reductioninalloycostcriticalfor acceptanceincommercial applications TodaysGamarketprice:$800 $1000/kg Purchasedatsignificantquantities(50 kglots) GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Pricestrendingup M.D.Brooks,E.Summers,R.Meloy,J. Mosley,Aluminumadditionsin polycrystallineirongallium(Galfenol) alloys,Proc.SPIE6929,69291T (2008) Focusonsmalldiameter,6.35mm, FSZMsamples Fe80.681.6Ga9.813.8Al4.99.8 Difficultyachievingconsistenttexture 25 ScaleuptoAdvanceBridgmanstage, evaluateproperties
  • 26. Galfenol Wire Fabrication PartofaPhaseIISBIRefforton energyharvesting Developwirefabrication processingforGalfenolalloys GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation ETREMA/AmesLab Photosofthe0.014diameterwireproducedoftheFe90Ga10 Severalcontinuousfeetofwire produced;10at%Ga Earlyoninprocess Afterdrawing development Transitionpartneridentified andinterestedinscalingup processifdemandexists AfterHT 26
  • 27. Galfenol (a non-REE smart technology) SupplyofTerbiumandDysprosiumpotentiallyaprobleminthe foreseeablefuture Galliumdoesnothavethesamesupplyrisk GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 27 Figures copied from US Dept. of Energy, Critical Materials Strategy December 2010, p. 8
  • 28. Galfenol Technology Roadmap 6.1(Basic GalfenolDiscovery Research) GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation 6.2(Advanced Processes Properties Established Characterized Research) 6.3(Technology Actuators Energy Multifunctional Harvesters/Sensors Structures Development) 28
  • 29. Applications Development ETREMA SignificantinterestinusingGalfenolforenergyharvesting Medicaldevicetoolinearlydevelopmentstage(actuator) VerylowfrequencysourcesforUSNavy GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation Inallcasescoststoproducemustbelowered Reducerawmaterialcosts Scaleupproduction 29
  • 30. Technology Commercialization Currentprocessingtechnologiesnearingacrossroad Alloying,Bridgman,Rolling,StressAnnealing,etc Onlycapableofproducingsmallquantities Processscaleupabsolutelynecessarytomeetcommercial GalfenolResearchInitiatives Meeting,Oct.27,2011 ETREMAProprietaryInformation applicationquantityandpricingrequirements Scaleupwillrequireinvestmentinequipmentand infrastructure($) Difficulttoobtain$$$intodayslowriskeconomicenvironment EndusersmustbeopentonegotiatingandexecutingSupply Agreements 30