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WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE?
•REFERS TO A PROGRAM IN WHICH THE SOURCE CODE IS AVAILABLE TO THE GENERAL
PUBLIC FOR USE AND/OR MODIFICATION FROM ITS ORIGINAL DESIGN FREE OF CHARGE,
I.E., OPEN.
•OPEN SOURCE CODE IS TYPICALLY CREATED AS A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT IN WHICH
PROGRAMMERS IMPROVE UPON THE CODE AND SHARE THE CHANGES WITHIN THE
COMMUNITY. OPEN SOURCE SPROUTED IN THE TECHNOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AS A
RESPONSE TO PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE OWNED BY CORPORATIONS.

OPEN SOURCE VS. FREE SOFTWARE
•OPEN SOURCE IS DIFFERENT FROM FREE SOFTWARE
•ALL FREE SOFTWARE ARE NOT OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
•OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IS FREE TO USE, MODIFY AND REDISTRIBUTE
•OPEN SOURCE IS A PHILOSOPHY, THAT PROMOTES FREE REDISTRIBUTION AND
ACCESS TO AN END PRODUCT'S DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS. THE
WORD FREE IN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE CONTEXT REFERS FREEDOM NOT THE
COST

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FREEDOM
•FREEDOM TO USE
•FREEDOM TO MODIFY
•FREEDOM TO DISTRIBUTE

HISTORY OF OPEN SOURCE
• HISTORY OF OPEN SOURCE CONCEPT OF FREE SHARING INFORMATION EXISTED LONG BEFORE COMPUTERS, FOR
EXAMPLE: SHARING OF COOKING RECIPE’S
• IN EARLY 1960’S ANY COMPUTER ACADEMY WHO DEVELOP A SOFTWARE SHARED ITS SOURCE CODE UNDER
THE PRINCIPLE OF OPENNESS & CO-OPERATION
• ANY SOURCE CODE, HUMAN-READABLE FORM OF SOFTWARE, WAS GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED WITH THE
SOFTWARE ITSELF BECAUSE
• USERS FREQUENTLY MODIFIED THE SOFTWARE THEMSELVES, RESOLVE COMPATIBILITY ISSUE WITH
HARDWARE OR OPERATING SYSTEM , ALSO TO FIX BUGS OR ADD NEW FUNCTIONALITY.
• THIS LED TO A “FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENT” VIA WORLD WIDE WEB AND LATER TERMED AS "OPEN SOURCE”

OPEN SOURCE PRINCIPLES
•OPEN SOURCE ENABLES US TO READ THE CODE
•WE CAN SEE HOW IT’S MADE
•THE FREEDOM TO RUN THE PROGRAM FOR ANY PURPOSE
•THE FREEDOM TO STUDY HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS, AND ADAPT IT TO YOUR NEEDS
•THE FREEDOM TO REDISTRIBUTE COPIES
•THE FREEDOM TO IMPROVE THE PROGRAM

WHAT IS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE?
•IS A COMPUTER SOFTWARE THAT IS AVAILABLE IN SOURCE CODE FORM: THE SOURCE
CODE AND CERTAIN OTHER RIGHTS NORMALLY RESERVED FOR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
ARE PROVIDED UNDER A SOFTWARE LICENSE THAT PERMITS USERS TO STUDY, CHANGE,
IMPROVE AND AT TIMES ALSO TO DISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE.
•IT IS OFTEN DEVELOPED IN A PUBLIC, COLLABORATIVE MANNER.
•IT IS THE MOST PROMINENT EXAMPLE OF OPEN SOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND OFTEN
COMPARED TO USER GENERATED CONTENT.

ADVANTAGES OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
• LOWER SOFTWARE COSTS: OPEN SOURCE SOLUTIONS GENERALLY REQUIRE NO LICENSING FEES. THE LOGICAL
EXTENSION IS NO MAINTENANCE FEES. THE ONLY EXPENDITURES ARE FOR MEDIA, DOCUMENTATION, AND
SUPPORT, IF REQUIRED.
• SIMPLIFIED LICENSE MANAGEMENT: OBTAIN THE SOFTWARE ONCE AND INSTALL IT AS MANY TIMES AND IN AS
MANY LOCATIONS AS YOU NEED. THERE’S NO NEED TO COUNT, TRACK, OR MONITOR FOR LICENSE COMPLIANCE.
• LOWER HARDWARE COSTS: IN GENERAL, LINUX AND OPEN SOURCE SOLUTIONS ARE ELEGANTLY COMPACT AND
PORTABLE, AND AS A RESULT REQUIRE LESS HARDWARE POWER TO ACCOMPLISH THE SAME TASKS AS ON
CONVENTIONAL SERVERS (WINDOWS, SOLARIS) OR WORKSTATIONS. THE RESULT IS YOU CAN GET BY WITH
LESS EXPENSIVE OR OLDER HARDWARE.
• SCALING/CONSOLIDATION POTENTIAL: AGAIN, LINUX AND OPEN SOURCE APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES CAN
OFTEN SCALE CONSIDERABLY. MULTIPLE OPTIONS FOR LOAD BALANCING, CLUSTERING, AND OPEN SOURCE
APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS DATABASE AND EMAIL, GIVE ORGANIZATIONS THE ABILITY TO SCALE UP FOR NEW
GROWTH OR CONSOLIDATE TO DO MORE WITH LESS.

ADVANTAGES OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE CONT…
• SUPPORT: SUPPORT IS AVAILABLE FOR OPEN SOURCE—OFTEN SUPERIOR TO PROPRIETARY SOLUTIONS. FIRST,
OPEN SOURCE SUPPORT IS FREELY AVAILABLE AND ACCESSIBLE THROUGH THE ONLINE COMMUNITY VIA THE
INTERNET. AND SECOND, MANY TECH COMPANIES ARE NOW SUPPORTING OPEN SOURCE WITH FREE ONLINE
AND MULTIPLE LEVELS OF PAID SUPPORT. FOR EXAMPLE LIBLIME.
• ESCAPE VENDOR LOCK-IN: FRUSTRATION WITH VENDOR LOCK-IN IS A REALITY FOR ALL IT MANAGERS. IN
ADDITION TO ONGOING LICENSE FEES, THERE IS LACK OF PORTABILITY AND THE INABILITY TO CUSTOMIZE
SOFTWARE TO MEET SPECIFIC NEEDS. OPEN SOURCE EXISTS AS A DECLARATION OF FREEDOM OF CHOICE.
• UNIFIED MANAGEMENT: SPECIFIC OPEN SOURCE TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS CIM (COMMON INFORMATION
MODEL) AND WBEM (WEB BASED ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT) PROVIDE THE CAPABILITY TO INTEGRATE OR
CONSOLIDATE SERVER, SERVICE, APPLICATION, AND WORKSTATION MANAGEMENT FOR POWERFUL
ADMINISTRATION.
• QUALITY SOFTWARE: EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH INDICATE THAT OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IS GOOD STUFF. THE
PEER REVIEW PROCESS AND COMMUNITY STANDARDS, PLUS THE FACT THAT SOURCE CODE IS OUT THERE FOR
THE WORLD TO SEE, TEND TO DRIVE EXCELLENCE IN DESIGN AND EFFICIENCY IN CODING.

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR LIBRARIES
•KOHA: INTEGRATED LIBRARY SYSTEM - IS A PROMISING FULL FEATURED
OPEN SOURCE ILS (INTEGRATED LIBRARY SYSTEM) CURRENTLY BEING USED BY
LIBRARIES ALL OVER THE WORLD
•NEWGENLIB - (NEW GENERATION LIBRARY) IS AN INTEGRATED LIBRARY
AUTOMATION AND NETWORKING SOLUTION DEVELOPED BY VERUS SOLUTIONS PVT LTD
AND THE KESAVAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, INDIA.
•EVERGREEN - ILS IS ANOTHER OPTION WHEN RESEARCHING OPEN SOURCE ILS
OPTIONS. DEVELOPED BY EQUINOX SOFTWARE, EVERGREEN IS A ROBUST, ENTERPRISE
LEVEL ILS SOLUTION DEVELOPED TO BE CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING THE WORKLOAD OF
LARGE LIBRARIES IN A FAULT-TOLERANT SYSTEM.
LIBRARY AUTOMATION:

• GREENSTONE DIGITAL LIBRARY SOFTWARE - IS AN OPEN-SOURCE SYSTEM FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION AND PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION COLLECTIONS. IT BUILDS
COLLECTIONS WITH EFFECTIVE FULL-TEXT SEARCHING AND METADATA-BASED
BROWSING FACILITIES THAT ARE ATTRACTIVE AND EASY TO USE.
• DSPACE - IS A GROUNDBREAKING DIGITAL INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY THAT
CAPTURES, STORES, INDEXES, PRESERVES, AND REDISTRIBUTES THE INTELLECTUAL
OUTPUT OF A UNIVERSITY’S RESEARCH FACULTY IN DIGITAL FORMATS.
• EPRINTS IS AN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR BUILDING OPEN ACCESS
REPOSITORIES THAT ARE COMPLIANT WITH THE OPEN ARCHIVES INITIATIVE PROTOCOL
FOR METADATA HARVESTING.
• FEDORA OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE - GIVES ORGANIZATIONS A FLEXIBLE SERVICE-
ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE FOR MANAGING AND DELIVERING THEIR DIGITAL CONTENT. AT
ITS CORE IS A POWERFUL DIGITAL OBJECT MODEL THAT SUPPORTS MULTIPLE VIEWS OF
EACH DIGITAL OBJECT AND THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIGITAL OBJECTS.
LIBRARY SOFTWARE:

• WORDPRESS - STARTED OUT AS A QUICK, FREE, OPEN-SOURCE
SOLUTION BLOGGING SOLUTION JUST A FEW YEARS AGO; TODAY IT IS A
PERFECT ALTERNATIVE TO BUILDING A WEB SITE FROM SCRATCH.
• DRUPAL - IS ANOTHER OPEN SOURCE WEB PUBLISHING OPTION THAT
ALLOWS AN INDIVIDUAL OR A COMMUNITY OF USERS TO EASILY
PUBLISH, MANAGE AND ORGANIZE A WIDE VARIETY OF CONTENT ON A
WEBSITE.
WEB PUBLISHING:

• UBUNTU - IS THE MOST POPULAR PLAYER IN THE LINUX BASED OPERATING SYSTEM GAME. (LINUX IS THE OPEN-SOURCE ANSWER TO
MICROSOFT'S WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM; UBUNTU IS A MODIFICATION OF LINUX)
• OPENOFFICE.ORG - IS A MULTIPLATFORM AND MULTILINGUAL OFFICE PRODUCTIVITY SUITE AND AN OPEN-SOURCE PROJECT.
COMPATIBLE WITH ALL OTHER MAJOR OFFICE SUITES, THE PRODUCT IS FREE TO DOWNLOAD, USE, AND DISTRIBUTE.
• FIREFOX - IS THE MOZZILA ORGANIZATIONS ANSWER TO MICROSOFT'S INTERNET EXPLORER WEB BROWSER, AND HAS TAKEN THE
WEB BY STORM OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS AS THE BIGGEST COMPETITOR TO IE IN QUITE SOME TIME.
• THUNDERBIRD - FIREFOX'S LITTLE BROTHER PROGRAM, THUNDERBIRD, IS THE MOZILLA FOUNDATIONS OPENSOURCE ALTERNATIVE
TO MICROSOFT'S OUTLOOK EXPRESS.
• GIMPSHOP - IS A MODIFICATION OF THE FREE/OPEN SOURCE GRAPHICS PROGRAM GNU IMAGE MANIPULATION PROGRAM (GIMP),
INTENDED TO REPLICATE THE FEEL OF ADOBE PHOTOSHOP.
• NVU ("N-VIEW") - IS A DISCONTINUED WYSIWYG HTML EDITOR, BASED ON THE COMPOSER COMPONENT OF MOZILLA APPLICATION
SUITE AND GECKO 1.7. IT IS A COMMON WYSIWYG EDITOR FOR LINUX
• THE PDF ("PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT") FILE - IS AN INDUSTRY STANDARD FORMAT THAT EVERYBODY USES EVERYDAY. THE
PURPOSE OF CREATING A PDF FILE IS USUALLY TO PROVIDE AN IMPORTANT DOCUMENT FOR DISPLAY THAT CANNOT BE MODIFIED BY
THE READER (UNLESS PERMISSION IS GIVEN).
OTHER COMPUTER PROGRAMS:

SELECTION CRITERIA OF OPEN SOURCE
SOFTWARE
• EVALUATION OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IS DIFFERENT FROM PROPRIETARY PROGRAMS.
• A KEY DIFFERENCE FOR EVALUATION IS THAT THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR OPEN SOURCE
PROGRAMS IS USUALLY DIFFERENT THAN FOR PROPRIETARY PROGRAMS; SOURCE CODE, ANALYSIS BY
OTHERS OF THE PROGRAM DESIGN, DISCUSSION BETWEEN USERS AND DEVELOPERS ON HOW WELL IT IS
WORKING, AND SO ON.
• OFTEN PROPRIETARY PROGRAMS ALWAYS HIDE ALL INFORMATION FROM USERS AND ONLY ALLOW
RUNNING THE SOFTWARE. FOLLOWING CRITERIA’S CAN BE ADOPTED FOR OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
SELECTION.

CRITERIA FOR OPEN SOURCE SELECTION
• OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES ON THE WWW - MOST CONVENIENT OPTION TO IDENTIFY PARTICULAR SOFTWARE FOR YOUR LIBRARY NEED IS TO ASK
PROFESSIONAL FRIENDS WHO HAVE EXPERIENCE IN USING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES.
• OPEN SOURCE LICENSES - ASSURE USERS FREEDOM TO USE, COPY, IMPROVE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOFTWARE. GPL IS THE MOST POPULAR LICENSE FOR
FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE AND PROVIDES FEASIBLE TERMS OF USE.
• FUNCTIONAL MODULES - ESSENTIAL FOR LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (ILS) ARE CATALOGUING, CIRCULATION, OPAC, SERIAL CONTROL AND
ACQUISITION.
• STABLE RELEASE OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE SHOWS ITS DEVELOPER’S ABILITY TO FIX AND CORRECT BUGS ALONG WITH NEW FEATURES. VERSION
HISTORY OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IS OFTEN AVAILABLE FROM PROJECT WEBSITES OR ANY OTHER PROJECT REPOSITORIES LIKE SOURCE FORGE
(WWW.SOURCEFORGE.NET), SAVANNAH (SAVANNAH.NET) AND FREE SOFTWARE .
• DEVELOPERS AND USER COMMUNITY - THE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IS A SOCIAL COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY. OPEN
SOURCE SOFTWARE IS ACTIVELY DEVELOPED ON A 24-HOUR BASIS BY A LARGE NUMBER OF PROGRAMMERS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD.
• USER INTERFACE - MOST OF THE OPEN SOURCE LIBRARY SOFTWARES ARE AVAILABLE WITH WEB INTERFACE. SOFTWARE WITH WEB INTERFACE IS EASIER
TO LEARN AND USE.
• DOCUMENTATION - USERS ARE MAINLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE; DETAILED AND UP-TO-DATE DOCUMENTATION
IS A PREREQUISITE FOR SUCCESSFUL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE. OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION IS AVAILABLE THROUGH PROJECT
WEBSITES, WIKIS, BLOGS AND EMAIL LISTS.

REFERENCES:
• ALTMAN, MICAH (2001). OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR LIBRARIES: FROM GREENSTONE TO THE VIRTUAL DATA CENTER AND BEYOND. IASSIST
QUARTERLY, WINTER 2001, 5-11. RETRIEVED JANUARY 17, 2008, FROM WEB SITE:
HTTP://IASSISTDATA.ORG/PUBLICATIONS/IQ/IQ25/IQVOL254ALTMAN.PDF
• BAILEY, CHARLES W., JR. (2006). OPEN ACCESS AND LIBRARIES. RETRIEVED JANUARY 15, 2008, FROM WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.DIGITAL-
SCHOLARSHIP.COM/CWB/OALIBRARIES2.PDF
• BALAS, JANET L. (2004). CONSIDERING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE. COMPUTERSIN LIBRARIES. 24 (8), 36-39. RETRIEVED FEBRUARY 10, 2008, FROM
WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.INFOTODAY.COM/CILMAG/SEP04/BALAS.SHTML
• BRETTHAUER, DAVID (2002).OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: A HISTORY. ITAL: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES. 21(1), 3-11. RETRIEVED
JANUARY 21, 2008, FROM WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.ALA.ORG/ALA/LITA/LITAPUBLICATIONS/ITAL/2101BRETTHAUER.CFM
• CORRADO, EDWARD M. (2005).THE IMPORTANCE OF OPEN ACCESS, OPEN SOURCE, AND OPEN STANDARDS FOR LIBRARIES. ISSUES IN SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY LIBRARIANSHIP. 42. RETRIEVED FEBRUARY 3, 2008, FROM WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.ISTL.ORG/05-SPRING/ARTICLE2.HTML
• FERRARO, JOSHUA. (2006). WHY YOUR LIBRARY NEEDS OPEN SOURCE. RETRIEVED FEBRUARY 9, 2008, FROM WEB SITE:
HTTP://LIBLIME.COM/C/WELCOME.HTML

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