Organic chemistry Dr. Surendran Parambadath
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Dr. Surendran Parambadath is an Assistant Professor at Govt. Polytechnic College in Perinthalmanna, India. He was formerly a Post Doctoral Research Associate at Pusan National University in South Korea. The document provides information on the differences between organic and inorganic compounds, types of organic compounds including open chain, closed chain, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. It also discusses properties like saturation, unsaturation and isomerism in organic chemistry.
Organic chemistry Dr. Surendran Parambadath
- 2. Dr. SURENDRAN PARAMBADATH (M.Sc, M.Phil, M.Tech) Formerly: Post Doctoral Research Associate, Nano-Information Materials Research Laboratory, Pusan National University, Busan-South Korea Currently: Assistant Professor Govt. Polytechnic College, Perinthalmanna
- 4. Organic Compound Inorganic Compound 1 Found in living organisms Found in non living matters-minerals 2 Besides carbon they are compounds of H, They are composed of one or more of any O, N, S and P of the known elements. 3 They are covalent compounds They are electrovalent compounds 4 They are volatile and inflammable They are generally nonvolatile and non inflammable 5 Generally insoluble in water and soluble in Soluble in water and insoluble in non polar non polar solvents, like benzene. solvents. 6 Reaction involving organic compounds are Reaction is fast slow 7 They exhibit isomerism Only coordination compounds exhibit isomerism 8 They are non conductors of electricity Many of them conduct electricity in solution or fused form 9 Their number is very large Small in number 10 Generally, solids, liquids or gases Generally liquids or high melting solids.
- 5. The number of organic compounds is very large (~90%) Because: 1. Catenation capacity 2. Strength of C-C bond 3. Tetra-covalency 4. Capacity to combine with other non-metals like, H, O, N, S, P, Cl, Br, I etc. 5. Possibility of multiple bonds and 6. Isomerism
- 6. The tendency of an element to form chain of identical atoms is called catenation. Due to catenation, carbon atoms can form straight chains, branched chains or closed chain compounds. C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
- 8. Compared to Si-Si, S-S, N-N or O-O bond C-C bond is stronger and requires higher energy for breaking. Hence chains with C-C bonds are stable.
- 9. Carbon atoms has four electrons in its valence shell and can form four covalent bonds. This tetra-covalency or quadri covalency of carbon gives rise to various possibilities for formation of variety of structures. C C C C
- 10. Isomerism is the phenomenon in which one and the same molecular formula represents more than one compound with different properties. Due to directional character of covalent bonds different spacial arrangements and isomers are possible for compounds with the same structural formula. CH3 H3C CH3 CH3 Trans-2-butene cis-2-butene
- 12. Organic compounds with only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated compounds. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 In saturated compounds there will be no double or triple bond between carbon atoms. In unsaturated compound, double or triple bond between carbon atoms. CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH3
- 13. 1. Unsaturated compounds decolorizes yellow colored bromine water. 2. Baeyrs test: Unsaturated compounds decolorize alkaline potassium permanganate solution. Saturated Unsaturated Contain only single covalent bonds Contain at least one covalent between carbon atoms. double or triple bond between carbon atoms. Less reactive More reactive Does not decolorize bromine water Decolorize bromine water
- 14. Open Chain (Acyclic or aliphatic) Compounds These compounds contain an open chain of carbon atoms which may be a straight or a branched chain. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3 Normal butane (n-butane) Straight chain CH3-CH-CH3 Isobutane (iso-butane) Branched chain
- 15. Closed Chain (Cyclic or ring) Compounds These compounds contain one or more rings of carbon atoms. If the ring contains only carbon atom, it is called homocyclic ring system. If it contains carbon and oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur it is called heterocyclic ring system. Alicyclic Homocyclic Aromatic
- 16. Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Benzene N O O Oxazole Furan Naphthalene
- 17. Organic Compound Closed Open Chain Chain Straight Branched Heterocyclic Homocyclic Chain Chain Alicyclic Aromatic
- 19. Alicyclic
- 20. Heterocyclic
- 22. Class of Nature of the Formula of the Example Organic functional functional Compound group group Alkenes Double bond C=C Ethene Alkynes Triple bond -CC- Acetylene Alcohols Hydroxy -O-H Methanol Aldehydes Aldehydic -CHO Acetaldehyde Group Acids Carboxyl -COOH Acetic acid Ethers Ether group -O- Diethyl ether Ketones Ketonic group -CO- Acetone Amines Amino group -NH2 Methyl amine Esters Ester group -COO- Methyl acetate
- 23. Isomerism Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different properties are called isomers and the phenomenon is called isomerism. Structural: If the difference in properties of two isomers is due to difference in their structure, it is called structural isomerism. Stereo: If the isomers have the same structure but different configuration it is called stereoisomerism.
- 24. Structural isomerism CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3 Normal butane (n-butane) CH3-CH-CH3 Isobutane (iso-butane) Molecular Formula: C4H10
- 25. CH3-CH2-CH2-OH OH Normal propyl alcohol CH3-CH-CH3 Isopropyl alcohol Molecular Formula: C3H7-OH
- 26. Stereo isomerism CH3 H3C CH3 CH3 Trans-2-butene cis-2-butene