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Editor's Notes

1. China is the 3rd largest country 9,600,000 sq. km. It is a bit larger than the US.
2. 23 provinces including Taiwan. 5autonomous regions, 4 municipalieties, 2 pecial administrative regions. The Han are the native Chinese (98%). Several other minority ethnic groups exist (55). Mandarin Chinese is the official national language and uses the Chinese Alphabet. The provinces have their own dialect, which varies greatly from province to province. Labor force > By occupation agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29%
3. One child law – families prefer to have males because in their culture, the male will be the provider and take care of his family. Girls are expected to take care of in-laws. Sex selection abortions have been outlawed, but may see orphaned females.
4. Chinese inventions include paper, gunpowder, printing (before Gutenburg) and the compass. These were early inventions. Exams for civil service were based upon Confucius teachings of the Five Classics. But the country realized that their Confucius way of teaching was holding them back in terms of inventions, etc.
5. 99.9% of primary school pupils were admitted to junior middle schools in 2007, up by 5% from 2000. UNESCO statistics indicate that China ranks first in the nine most-populous developing countries with the highest junior school enrolment rates. Free compulsory education was first introduced to rural areas in west China in the spring of 2006 and to other rural areas a year later. In the autumn of 2008, free compulsory education became the norm in all urban schools. With the guarantee of a state financial policy, basic education funding also covers grant-in-aid for 11 million impoverished boarding school students in central and western regions A long-distance education project has been under way to improve education quality. As a result, primary and middle schools in central and western rural areas were equipped with 440,000 sets of disc players, 260,000 sets of equipment for receiving satellite-transmitted teaching programs and 40,000 computer rooms during the 2003-2007 period. A total of 360,000 rural schools were able to access quality education resources through these facilities, thus considerably making up for resource and personnel shortages in those areas.
6. Stage Length (year) Pre-school education 1~3 Primary school 5~6 Junior middle school 3~4 Senior middle school 3 Higher education College 2~3 University 4~5 Master’s degree 2~3 Doctoral degree3
7. Per Richard Crawford, school days were 7 am – 4 pm. After school activities involved preparing for progression exams. Often time children would prepare until 9:00 pm then find public transportation home (no school bus system).
8. Local and school based courses are designed to instill the regional cultures and traditions and may be provided by teachers, skilled farmers and workers, as well as students.
9. Cultural dilemmas – Confucianism believes the men by nature is good and thus taps into the natural and moral sources within the individuals. Western leadership includes “supervision.”
10. Kindergardens combine childcare with teaching to help the child develop physically, moraly, intellectually and aesthetically to prepare for formal school. Use of play Shenyang Creative Kindergarten – every room has two teachers – one who is native English speaking and the other native Chinese speaking – implemented play based interactional learning Circle time Photos for families to help reinforce
11. Periods are 45 minutes Ideology & moral character - 1 period per week Chinese language – 7-10 Math – 4-5 Society – not until 4th grade then 2 Nature – 1-2 PE 2-3 Music – 2 Painting – 2 Work – 1 beginning grade 3
12. Chinese Language – 5 periods/week Math – 5 Foreign language – 4 Except for music & painting, all others have 2-3 periods/week
13. Uniforms get uglier the more prominent they are. Diverts attention from self (per Chinese culture). Personal conversation with R. Crawford.
14. The purposes of the assessments includes checking the orientation and management levels of HE institutions; overall qualities of student moral, intellectual and physical characteristics; scientific and technological endeavors & social service & the conditions under which education is provided. Wuhan University is a university in China. It is a key university directly under the administration of the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. It is regarded as one of the best and most selective universities in China.
15. Era of Shifan = “teacher model” - teacher colleges after1949. Normal schools were 4 year institutions that enrolled graduates of jr. high. Government provided tuition wavers stipends and fellowship for student who attended teacher ed programs. Teachers are highly respected. China Television Teachers College – distance ed. (2001). Era of post Shifan – non-normal education systems are involved in teacher preparation. The # of normal schools dropped from 892 in 1997 to 430 in 2002. At this time 40% of elementary teachers have at least an associate degree. Normal universities are expanding to 4 year teacher colleges Multipurpose universities are expanding their scope Therefore, teacher education is no longer just available in normal colleges. There are regional differences in teacher preparation – more normal schools in the west than in the eastern urban regions. Stipends and tuition waivers are no longer offered. Therefore teaching is not as attractive
16. Those that do not return may actually cause more stagnation