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Oxygen Insufficiency By - Jitendra Bokha .pptx

Jitendra Bokha
Jitendra Bokha

Oxygen is very essential component for living things so as a nurse it is fundamental to assess the level of oxygen in body, and if it is less than necessary action should be taken. Oxygen insufficiency can lead serious illness like lung diseases or breathing difficulties, heart conditions, or certain medical emergencies. When the body doesn't receive enough oxygen, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, providing supplemental oxygen therapy. Toward the summarize today we are discussed introduction of o2 insufficiency, meaning & physiology of oxygenation, oxygenation results from the co-operative function of 3 major systems - respiratory/pulmonary system / haematological system / cardiovascular system / lung volumes and capacities / there are three steps in the process of oxygenation - ventilation, perfusion, diffusion / terminology related to ventilation & how its possible / regulation of respiration / factors affecting oxygenation - physiological factors / developmental factor & behavioural factors, environmental factors. Sign and symptom of inadequate oxygenation, etiological factors, disease / abnormalities which cause oxygen insufficiency/diagnosis & evaluation of the patient that who is having oxygen insufficiency, management of o2 insufficiency, nursing diagnosis and interventions.

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Oxygen Insufficiency Submitted To Submitted By Mrs. Monika Solanki Jitendra Bokha Nursing Lecturer MSc. Nsg. (Pre.) GCON Jodhpur GCON Jodhpur
Oxygen Insufficiency :-
Introduction of O2 Insufficiency Oxygen insufficiency refers to a condition where there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. This can occur for various reasons, such as respiratory problems (like lung diseases or breathing difficulties), heart conditions, high altitude, anaemia, or certain medical emergencies. When the body doesn't receive enough oxygen, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, providing supplemental oxygen therapy.
Contd All life on earth is based on 5 basic elements: Sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. Amongst these, the element that is most abundant is oxygen. Oxygen makes up about 65% of the human body. Odourless, tasteless, and colourless, oxygen is one of the most important substances without which life would not be able to exist. For example, we can go without food for a number of weeks and survive, we can even go without water for 3-7 days, but we cannot survive without oxygen beyond 5 minutes.
Meaning & Physiology of Oxygenation Meaning of Oxygenation Oxygenation means the delivery of oxygen to the body tissue and cells. It is necessary to maintain health. Physiology of Oxygenation
Oxygenation results from the co-operative function of 3 major systems:- Respiratory/Pulmonary system Haematological system Cardiovascular system
Lung Volumes and Capacities Tidal Volume 500 ml Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3000 ml Expiratory Reserve Volume 1000 ml Residual Volume 1500 ml Inspiratory Capacity 3500 ml Functional Residual Capacity 2200 ml Vital Capacity - 4500 ml Total Lung Capacity (5700 - 6000 ml)
There are three steps in the process of oxygenation 1) Ventilation, 2) Perfusion 3) Diffusion Pathway of Air Nasal Cavities (or Oral Cavity) > Pharynx >Trachea >Primary bronchi (right & left) > Secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange).
Terminology Related to Ventilation & How its Possible Pulmonary Ventilation It means movement of air into and out of lungs. Its main purpose is to supply fresh air. Ventilation is composed of - Inspiration - when air flows into the lungs. - Expiration - when air moves out of lungs. Adequate ventilation depends upon - Clear airways - An intact central nervous system and respiratory center - An intact thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting.
Regulation of Respiration Neural Regulation It maintains rhythm and depth of respiration and balance between inspiration and expiration. A) Cerebral cortex B) Medulla oblongata Chemical Regulation It maintains appropriate rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the body's carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen ion concentration A) Chemoreceptors
Oxygen Insufficiency By - Jitendra Bokha .pptx
Factors Affecting Oxygenation Physiological Factor Anaemia Toxic inhalant Airway obstruction High altitude Fever Decreased chest wall motion
Developmental Factor o Fetus o Neonates and infants o Toddler, preschool-aged children and accidents o Older adults Behavioural Factors o Lifestyle o Medication
Environmental Factors The incidence of pulmonary disease is higher in smoggy, urban areas than in rural areas. In addition, the client's workplace may increase the risk for pulmonary disease. Occupational pollutants include asbestos, talcum powder and silica dust, coal dust.
Sign and symptom of inadequate oxygenation Anxious and tired Headache, dizziness, irritability and memory loss. Nausea, vomiting and cyanosis Oliguria and anuria Fatigue lethargic RBC count increases, Clubbing of fingers Sometime patient may have pain while breathing
Etiological factors Decreased haemoglobin & oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Diminished concentration of inspired oxygen which may occur at high attitude. Inability of the tissue to extract oxygen forms the blood in case of cyanide poisoning. Decreased diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood as with in pneumonia. Poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood as with shock. Impaired ventilation as with multiple rib fracture or chest traumas.
Disease / abnormalities Which Cause Oxygen Insufficiency Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Rib cage Deformity, Rib & sternal fracture or trauma of thoracic region. Some times kyphosis, lordosis or scolliosis and Pectus excavatum etc. Trauma The person with multiple rib fracture can develop a flail chest. Neuromuscular Diseases Disease such as muscular dystrophy affects oxygenation of tissue by decreasing the clients ability to expand and contract the chest wall. Ventilation is impaired an atelectasis, hypercapnia and hypoxemia can occur.
CONTD Central Nervous System Alterations Disease or trauma involving the medulla oblongata and spinal cord may result in impaired respiration. Myocardial Ischemia Angina pectoris Myocardial infraction (MI) Hypoventilation Hypoxia Cyanosis Cerebral Palsy Syncope
Diagnosis & Evaluation of the Patient That Who Is Having Oxygen Insufficiency History Collection focus on the clients ability to meet oxygen needs. Nursing history for cardiac function includes pain, dyspnoea, fatigue, peripheral circulation, cardiac risk factors, and presence of past or current conditions. Nursing history for respiratory function includes the presence of a cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, pain environmental exposure, frequently of respiratory tract infections, past respiratory problem, current medications use and smoking history or second hand smoke exposure.
Physical Examination Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation
MEASUREMENT NORMAL RANGE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tidal volume - (TV) Volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. 5-10 ml/kg Decreased in restrictive lung disease and older client. Residual volume (RV) Volume of air left in lungs after a maximal exhalation. 1000 1200 ml Increase in clients with COPD and older clients due to decreased respiratory muscle mass, strength, elastic recoil and chest wall compliance. Functional residual capacity Volume of air left in lungs after a normal exhalation. 2000 2400 ml Increased in clients, with COPD and older Vital capacity (VC) Volume of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation 4500 4800 ml Decreased in pulmonary edema an atelectasis and changes associated with a giving. Total lung capacity (TLC) Total volume of air in lungs following a maximal inhalation 5000 6000 ml Decreased in restrictive lung disease increase in obstructive lung
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
Arterial Blood Gas
Spirometry
Pulse Oximetry
Chest X-Ray
Bronchoscopy
Thoracentesis
Sputum Culture
Throat Culture
Pulmonary Function Test
Lung Biopsy
MANAGEMENT OF O2 INSUFFICIENCY Position Semi fowler/high fowler/prone position also help to proper ventilation and diffusion in lungs & to raise oxygenation .
CONTD Breathing Abdominal and Pursed Lip Breathing Nebulisation 1. Jet Nebulizer 2. Ultra Sonic Nebulizer Chest Physiotherapy Suctioning
CONTD Oxygen Therapy Oxygenation by Applying Nasal Cannula Oxygenation By Applying An Oxygen Mask Nasal Catheter Oxygen Tent Oxygen Therapy In The Home
Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions Impaired gas exchange related to Broncho construction and inflammation of airways. Ineffective airway clearance related to increased mucous production due to upper respiratory infection and asthma. Anxiety related to difficulty in breathing as manifested by asking more doubts. Fluid volume deficit related to sodium and water retention as manifested by crackles.
CONTD Infective breathing pattern related to neuromuscular impairment of respirations (pain, anxiety, decreased level of consciousness, respiratory muscle, fatigue and bronchospasm.) as evidenced by altered respiratory etc. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to poor appetite, shortness of breath, decreased energy level and increased caloric requirement as evidenced by weight loss, weakness, muscle waiting.
Nursing Interventions 1) Impaired gas exchange related to Broncho construction and inflammation of airways Monitor pure oximetry every 4 hrs. Monitor and evaluate vital sign ever 4 hrs. Maintain patient in position of comfort. Evaluate effectiveness of albuterol nebulizer treatments. Auscultate lung every 4 hrs.
CONTD 2) Ineffective airway clearance related to increased mucous production due to upper respiratory infection and asthma Encourage and instruct in coughing and pursed lib breathing techniques. Monitor effectiveness of bronchodilators in increasing expectoration of secretions. Note characteristics of sputum. Evaluate respiratory rate and effort. Encourage increased fluid intake. Auscultate breath sounds every 4 hrs.
CONTD 3) Anxiety related to difficulty breathing as manifested by asking more doubts Assess the level of anxiety. Provide calm reassuring presence. Utilize therapeutic touch. Keep patient and family informed of actions taken to improve breathing. Use brief, simple explanation. Maintain quiet, calm environment. Encourage pursed lip breathing to manage dyspnoea.
Summary Toward the summarize today we are discussed introduction of o2 insufficiency, meaning & physiology of oxygenation, oxygenation results from the co-operative function of 3 major systems - respiratory/pulmonary system / haematological system / cardiovascular system / lung volumes and capacities / there are three steps in the process of oxygenation - ventilation, perfusion, diffusion / terminology related to ventilation & how its possible / regulation of respiration / factors affecting oxygenation - physiological factors / developmental factor & behavioural factors, environmental factors. Sign and symptom of inadequate oxygenation, etiological factors, disease / abnormalities which cause oxygen insufficiency/diagnosis & evaluation of the patient that who is having oxygen insufficiency, management of o2 insufficiency, nursing diagnosis and interventions.
Conclusion Oxygen is very essential component for living things so as a nurse it is fundamental to assess the level of oxygen in body, and if it is less than necessary action should be taken. Oxygen insufficiency can lead serious illness like lung diseases or breathing difficulties, heart conditions, or certain medical emergencies. When the body doesn't receive enough oxygen, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, providing supplemental oxygen therapy.
Bibliography Chintamani (2011) Lewiss medical surgical nursing published by Elsevier a division of need Elsevier india private limited page no 1751. Suzanne .C. Smeltzer, Brenda Bare (2004) Brunner & Suddarths text book of medical surgical nursing published by lippincott williams and wilkins 10th edition. Page no 577, 600,601. Potter and Perry (2005) Fundamentals of nursing published by most by an imprint of Elsevier, 6th edition. Page no 1068 1071. Fundamentals of nursing the art and science of nursing care 6th edition volume 2, published by wolters kluwer india private limited New Delhi. Dugas (2006) Introduction to patient care a comprehensive approach to nursing 4th edition, volume published by Elsevier New Delhi. Page no 371 395 Kaur, Navndeep. "Advanced Nursing Practice: Concepts, Role, and Evaluation." New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2022.
Oxygen Insufficiency By - Jitendra Bokha .pptx

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Oxygen Insufficiency By - Jitendra Bokha .pptx

  • 1. Oxygen Insufficiency Submitted To Submitted By Mrs. Monika Solanki Jitendra Bokha Nursing Lecturer MSc. Nsg. (Pre.) GCON Jodhpur GCON Jodhpur
  • 3. Introduction of O2 Insufficiency Oxygen insufficiency refers to a condition where there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. This can occur for various reasons, such as respiratory problems (like lung diseases or breathing difficulties), heart conditions, high altitude, anaemia, or certain medical emergencies. When the body doesn't receive enough oxygen, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, providing supplemental oxygen therapy.
  • 4. Contd All life on earth is based on 5 basic elements: Sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. Amongst these, the element that is most abundant is oxygen. Oxygen makes up about 65% of the human body. Odourless, tasteless, and colourless, oxygen is one of the most important substances without which life would not be able to exist. For example, we can go without food for a number of weeks and survive, we can even go without water for 3-7 days, but we cannot survive without oxygen beyond 5 minutes.
  • 5. Meaning & Physiology of Oxygenation Meaning of Oxygenation Oxygenation means the delivery of oxygen to the body tissue and cells. It is necessary to maintain health. Physiology of Oxygenation
  • 6. Oxygenation results from the co-operative function of 3 major systems:- Respiratory/Pulmonary system Haematological system Cardiovascular system
  • 7. Lung Volumes and Capacities Tidal Volume 500 ml Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3000 ml Expiratory Reserve Volume 1000 ml Residual Volume 1500 ml Inspiratory Capacity 3500 ml Functional Residual Capacity 2200 ml Vital Capacity - 4500 ml Total Lung Capacity (5700 - 6000 ml)
  • 8. There are three steps in the process of oxygenation 1) Ventilation, 2) Perfusion 3) Diffusion Pathway of Air Nasal Cavities (or Oral Cavity) > Pharynx >Trachea >Primary bronchi (right & left) > Secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange).
  • 9. Terminology Related to Ventilation & How its Possible Pulmonary Ventilation It means movement of air into and out of lungs. Its main purpose is to supply fresh air. Ventilation is composed of - Inspiration - when air flows into the lungs. - Expiration - when air moves out of lungs. Adequate ventilation depends upon - Clear airways - An intact central nervous system and respiratory center - An intact thoracic cavity capable of expanding and contracting.
  • 10. Regulation of Respiration Neural Regulation It maintains rhythm and depth of respiration and balance between inspiration and expiration. A) Cerebral cortex B) Medulla oblongata Chemical Regulation It maintains appropriate rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the body's carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen ion concentration A) Chemoreceptors
  • 12. Factors Affecting Oxygenation Physiological Factor Anaemia Toxic inhalant Airway obstruction High altitude Fever Decreased chest wall motion
  • 13. Developmental Factor o Fetus o Neonates and infants o Toddler, preschool-aged children and accidents o Older adults Behavioural Factors o Lifestyle o Medication
  • 14. Environmental Factors The incidence of pulmonary disease is higher in smoggy, urban areas than in rural areas. In addition, the client's workplace may increase the risk for pulmonary disease. Occupational pollutants include asbestos, talcum powder and silica dust, coal dust.
  • 15. Sign and symptom of inadequate oxygenation Anxious and tired Headache, dizziness, irritability and memory loss. Nausea, vomiting and cyanosis Oliguria and anuria Fatigue lethargic RBC count increases, Clubbing of fingers Sometime patient may have pain while breathing
  • 16. Etiological factors Decreased haemoglobin & oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Diminished concentration of inspired oxygen which may occur at high attitude. Inability of the tissue to extract oxygen forms the blood in case of cyanide poisoning. Decreased diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood as with in pneumonia. Poor tissue perfusion with oxygenated blood as with shock. Impaired ventilation as with multiple rib fracture or chest traumas.
  • 17. Disease / abnormalities Which Cause Oxygen Insufficiency Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Rib cage Deformity, Rib & sternal fracture or trauma of thoracic region. Some times kyphosis, lordosis or scolliosis and Pectus excavatum etc. Trauma The person with multiple rib fracture can develop a flail chest. Neuromuscular Diseases Disease such as muscular dystrophy affects oxygenation of tissue by decreasing the clients ability to expand and contract the chest wall. Ventilation is impaired an atelectasis, hypercapnia and hypoxemia can occur.
  • 18. CONTD Central Nervous System Alterations Disease or trauma involving the medulla oblongata and spinal cord may result in impaired respiration. Myocardial Ischemia Angina pectoris Myocardial infraction (MI) Hypoventilation Hypoxia Cyanosis Cerebral Palsy Syncope
  • 19. Diagnosis & Evaluation of the Patient That Who Is Having Oxygen Insufficiency History Collection focus on the clients ability to meet oxygen needs. Nursing history for cardiac function includes pain, dyspnoea, fatigue, peripheral circulation, cardiac risk factors, and presence of past or current conditions. Nursing history for respiratory function includes the presence of a cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, pain environmental exposure, frequently of respiratory tract infections, past respiratory problem, current medications use and smoking history or second hand smoke exposure.
  • 21. MEASUREMENT NORMAL RANGE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tidal volume - (TV) Volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. 5-10 ml/kg Decreased in restrictive lung disease and older client. Residual volume (RV) Volume of air left in lungs after a maximal exhalation. 1000 1200 ml Increase in clients with COPD and older clients due to decreased respiratory muscle mass, strength, elastic recoil and chest wall compliance. Functional residual capacity Volume of air left in lungs after a normal exhalation. 2000 2400 ml Increased in clients, with COPD and older Vital capacity (VC) Volume of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation 4500 4800 ml Decreased in pulmonary edema an atelectasis and changes associated with a giving. Total lung capacity (TLC) Total volume of air in lungs following a maximal inhalation 5000 6000 ml Decreased in restrictive lung disease increase in obstructive lung
  • 22. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
  • 33. MANAGEMENT OF O2 INSUFFICIENCY Position Semi fowler/high fowler/prone position also help to proper ventilation and diffusion in lungs & to raise oxygenation .
  • 34. CONTD Breathing Abdominal and Pursed Lip Breathing Nebulisation 1. Jet Nebulizer 2. Ultra Sonic Nebulizer Chest Physiotherapy Suctioning
  • 35. CONTD Oxygen Therapy Oxygenation by Applying Nasal Cannula Oxygenation By Applying An Oxygen Mask Nasal Catheter Oxygen Tent Oxygen Therapy In The Home
  • 36. Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions Impaired gas exchange related to Broncho construction and inflammation of airways. Ineffective airway clearance related to increased mucous production due to upper respiratory infection and asthma. Anxiety related to difficulty in breathing as manifested by asking more doubts. Fluid volume deficit related to sodium and water retention as manifested by crackles.
  • 37. CONTD Infective breathing pattern related to neuromuscular impairment of respirations (pain, anxiety, decreased level of consciousness, respiratory muscle, fatigue and bronchospasm.) as evidenced by altered respiratory etc. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to poor appetite, shortness of breath, decreased energy level and increased caloric requirement as evidenced by weight loss, weakness, muscle waiting.
  • 38. Nursing Interventions 1) Impaired gas exchange related to Broncho construction and inflammation of airways Monitor pure oximetry every 4 hrs. Monitor and evaluate vital sign ever 4 hrs. Maintain patient in position of comfort. Evaluate effectiveness of albuterol nebulizer treatments. Auscultate lung every 4 hrs.
  • 39. CONTD 2) Ineffective airway clearance related to increased mucous production due to upper respiratory infection and asthma Encourage and instruct in coughing and pursed lib breathing techniques. Monitor effectiveness of bronchodilators in increasing expectoration of secretions. Note characteristics of sputum. Evaluate respiratory rate and effort. Encourage increased fluid intake. Auscultate breath sounds every 4 hrs.
  • 40. CONTD 3) Anxiety related to difficulty breathing as manifested by asking more doubts Assess the level of anxiety. Provide calm reassuring presence. Utilize therapeutic touch. Keep patient and family informed of actions taken to improve breathing. Use brief, simple explanation. Maintain quiet, calm environment. Encourage pursed lip breathing to manage dyspnoea.
  • 41. Summary Toward the summarize today we are discussed introduction of o2 insufficiency, meaning & physiology of oxygenation, oxygenation results from the co-operative function of 3 major systems - respiratory/pulmonary system / haematological system / cardiovascular system / lung volumes and capacities / there are three steps in the process of oxygenation - ventilation, perfusion, diffusion / terminology related to ventilation & how its possible / regulation of respiration / factors affecting oxygenation - physiological factors / developmental factor & behavioural factors, environmental factors. Sign and symptom of inadequate oxygenation, etiological factors, disease / abnormalities which cause oxygen insufficiency/diagnosis & evaluation of the patient that who is having oxygen insufficiency, management of o2 insufficiency, nursing diagnosis and interventions.
  • 42. Conclusion Oxygen is very essential component for living things so as a nurse it is fundamental to assess the level of oxygen in body, and if it is less than necessary action should be taken. Oxygen insufficiency can lead serious illness like lung diseases or breathing difficulties, heart conditions, or certain medical emergencies. When the body doesn't receive enough oxygen, it can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and, if necessary, providing supplemental oxygen therapy.
  • 43. Bibliography Chintamani (2011) Lewiss medical surgical nursing published by Elsevier a division of need Elsevier india private limited page no 1751. Suzanne .C. Smeltzer, Brenda Bare (2004) Brunner & Suddarths text book of medical surgical nursing published by lippincott williams and wilkins 10th edition. Page no 577, 600,601. Potter and Perry (2005) Fundamentals of nursing published by most by an imprint of Elsevier, 6th edition. Page no 1068 1071. Fundamentals of nursing the art and science of nursing care 6th edition volume 2, published by wolters kluwer india private limited New Delhi. Dugas (2006) Introduction to patient care a comprehensive approach to nursing 4th edition, volume published by Elsevier New Delhi. Page no 371 395 Kaur, Navndeep. "Advanced Nursing Practice: Concepts, Role, and Evaluation." New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2022.