際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

P1

Poonsri Chaimongkol
Poonsri Chaimongkol

This document discusses genetics and heredity concepts including: - Mendel's laws of inheritance regarding traits being passed from parents to offspring through genes and alleles. - Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares to determine genotype and phenotype ratios. - Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, overdominance and multiple alleles affecting inheritance of traits. - The role of gametes, genes, alleles, genotypes and phenotypes in genetic crosses and inheritance patterns.

1 of 38
Download to read offline
犖 犖 犖 犖 : 犖 犖 ! "# 犖 ! $"# - & '(& ) ' & , ) species 犖 0# ) 12 3 ( ) 犖 犖 & '(& ' & 4 - & '(& ' & (犖 , species (犖 犖 ) 犖 犖 3 犖( & '(& ' &
P1
- 犖 ) 犖 5 犖 犖 " 3 ' 0# 6 & 0 - 犖 5 犖 犖 " 3 犖' 0 4 &#788 - 5 犖 # 犖9: 犖 0 - 5 犖 " # 犖9: 0犖
2( )# 6 犖 ( Genetic variation ) 1.2( )# 6 4 ( Continuous variation ) 犖 H -" ) 犖2( ) 犖 " 3 ' - 2( ) 犖 I 犖 # 犖9 #J K 5 4 犖 - 0犖2(52 1 gene 20 - & )( 3 & & 犖 ) 犖 - 2( 犖 (I3 3 #& - 犖 M) 2( I 犖 ) 犖 #J 0#123 #犖 & - ( 2( 0 HK 犖 &#788 2( : 犖 : 36 6 &
P1
P1
2. 2( )# 6 " 4 ( Discontinuous variation ) 犖 H - 2( ) 犖 ' - 0犖2(52 1 gene 3 20 - & )( 3 6 犖 ) 犖 3 犖 - 2( 犖 (I3 3 2 P - 犖 M2( I 犖 ) 犖 " 3犖 M 0#) - ( 0 4 犖 &H & 0 犖 &H
P1
P1
2K 2( 03 1. Gamete 2. Gene 3. Allele P P homozygous for the dominant allele a a homozygous for the recessive allele B b heterozygous recessive allele , dominant allele
4. Genotype 犖 I TT , Tt , tt 4 T/T , T/t , t/t Genotype 2 )55 24 - homozygous genotype ` homozygous dominant - homozygous recessive - heterozygous genotype 5. Phenotype 6. Dominant 7. Recessive
犖 犖 犖5 & )( 3 & )( 3 & & 犖 犖 犖 ` 3 I!H 犖5IH K : 3 犖& 犖 H $' - 3 犖 犖 H 犖 (I3 犖5#7 犖 H 1犖 " 35& & 犖 & )( 3 犖 ' 2( 0 &#788 # & 犖 : 3 HK I 12 - 3 犖 犖 H #J 犖 犖& 犖#9&犖& & P : e 2( 6& #犖 &P : e & )( 3 & & 3 ' 犖 6&( 64 犖 5 0 4
# ( &) 6 I
Unit factor 5( 犖 $I ( 0犖2(52 1 犖 2 ( ' &I 3 ( 1. H # 0犖 6 犖 g 犖 2. 犖 ) 犖 犖 ' 3. 12 3 犖" #h 1 犖 : 3 犖 6 I3 3 2( K g I 1. 犖 !犖 0犖2(52 1 gene 1 20 2. 犖 !犖 ) 犖 犖 ' 3. :'3 4' " 3 4. :'3 ` ) #J ) 3 5. #J 犖2 &
犖 I
( I 犖 -) 犖 I 犖 I 犖 H F1 F2 : F2 2( 0 K 3 0 H 0 0 787 H 2.84 : 1 0# I k7犖 (5 )M5 (5 (5 882 )M5 2.95 : 1 0# I 犖 II 犖 犖 5474 II 2.96 : 1 g I g 4 I( 4 4 I( 3.01 : 1 K) 犖 犖 犖& 犖 犖 犖& 犖 犖& 犖 3.14 : 1 I 犖 ( I( ( ( I( 3.15 : 1 I k7犖 I( 4 I( I( 4 2.82 : 1
#犖 I 1. P = Parential generation 犖 ,, F1 = first filial generation %& ,, F2 = second generation 2. *+,- .,/ 0/ 1犖234 &- 1 5犖 6 6 6 . 犖 factor 3. 犖 F1 84 . 1犖234 .,9 &犖:6% ; 犖1 % 4. 犖6犖+ 8&犖犖& =1 > - gene 8&犖 &- 4/ ?,- 5. 6 . 犖 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F1 & Dominant 6 . 犖 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F2 & Recissive 6. 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F1 : 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F2 = 3 : 1
犖nI 1. Law of segregation P TT x tt T T t t gamete P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t
2. Law of independent assortment e 45 ) 犖 犖犖 '( 犖 3 e 45 ( 犖 : " 3 & H P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t F1 TT Tt Tt tt
Test ` cross #J 犖 6 4 5 genotype I & '(& ( #J ) 3 4 1 K "#6 犖5 Homozygous recessive H g 犖 - RR 4 Rr g 犖 x rr g 犖 x rr g 犖 g 犖 : g II . . g 犖 = RR 1: 1 g 犖 = Rr
Back cross #J 犖 6 1 犖 K 0犖6 F1 犖 5"#6 犖5 4 ) 犖 犖 犖 犖 ( ( Monohybrid cross )
犖& I& 1犖234 1 5犖 2 1犖234( Dihybrid cross ) - #J 犖 犖 犖 1 & 犖 I & '(& 2 犖 3 犖 -: 犖 & ( genotype ,phenotype K " 3 2 (& H 1. Punnet Squares : 3 R = gene 2(52 犖 g 犖 r = gene 2(52 犖 g II Y = gene 2(52 犖 g 4 y = gene 2(52 犖 g I(
P I1, 6 O 犖 *.6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4*.6>. RRYY rryy gamete Ry ry F1 RrYy F1xF1 RrYy x RrYy Gamete R Y - RY R Y - RY y - Ry y - Ry r Y - rY r Y - rY y - ry y - ry
RY Ry rY ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
Phenotype Genotype ( ( genotype phenotype RRYY 1 / 16 g 犖 - 4 RRYy 2 / 16 9 / 16 RrYY 2 / 16 RrYy 4 / 16 g 犖 -I( RRyy 1/ 16 3 / 16 Rryy 2 / 16 g II - 4 rrYY 1 / 16 3 / 16 rrYy 2 / 16 g II -I( rryy 1 / 16 1 / 16
# 1. genotype 9 ' & 2. ( genotype 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 3. phenotype 4 ' & 4. ( phenotype 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
2. Branching system P I1, 6 O 犖 6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4 - 6>. RRYY rryy gamete RY ry F1 RrYy F1 x F1 RrYy RrYy RrRr YyYy gamete 村 RR : 2/4 Rr : 村 rr 村 YY : 2/4 Yy : 村 yy
1犖234 ., 1 1犖234 ., 2 1= &* genotype 村 YY 1 / 16 RRYY 1 / 4 RR 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 RRYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 RRyy 村 YY 2 / 16 RrYY 2 / 4 Rr 2 / 4 Yy 4 / 16 RrYy 1/4 yy 2 / 16 Rryy 村 YY 1 / 16 rrYY 1 / 4 rr 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 rrYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 rryy
犖 1 犖 2 ( Phenotype 3/ 4 犖 3/4 4 9 / 16 g 犖 - 4 1/4 I ( 3 / 16 g 犖 -I( 1/4I I 3/4 4 3 / 16 g II - 4 1/4 I ( 1 / 16 g II -I( 3. 1 犖 :'3 0 -K ( ' & gamete = 2n -K ( ' & genotype = 3n -K ( ' & phenotype = 2n
1. Aa BB Cc 2. Aa Bb Cc DD Ee FF
0#)55犖 犖 犖 1. 犖 )55 Complete Dominant #J 犖 犖 1 gene I gene 3 " 3 50 #J "# 犖n H F1 #J 犖 F2 #J 犖 : 犖 3 =3:1 =9:3:3:1
2. 犖 )55 Incomplete Dominant 2.1 犖 犖 犖5 g F1 genotype = Aa ' 0 F2 genotype AA : Aa : aa = 1 : 2 : 1 phenotype ) : ' 0 : I ( = 1 : 2 : 1
2.2 犖 I I "犖 Andalusion blue
2.3 犖 犖 I I 12 2.4 犖 犖 犖 &H 犖
3. 犖 犖 )55 Co ` dominant : 犖 H gene H 2(52 犖 " I e! 犖 ) 犖 ) ) 2( " 3 $犖 ! # 犖9 犖 犖 ( 犖 ' 0 4 ABO allele 犖 (I3 IA , IB ) i #犖 & gr A genotype IA IA, IA i gr B ,, I B IB , IB i gr AB ,, I A IB gr ii genotype ii
4. 犖 犖 )55 Over dominant 犖& 犖 allele : P heterozygous ) 犖 Phenotype 4 犖( allele : P homozygous I `) ' P TT 0 3 M tt 0 1 M F Tt 0 6 M
Multiple allele 犖 allele gene 犖& 犖( 2 )55I!H "# 2(52 犖 ) 犖I 犖 : 犖 ! 1 gene 犖 ( K) 05 chromosome #J homologous 犖 . 1. 犖 I 0 4 ABO 0 4 ABO gene 2(52 3 allele 24 IA, IB ) ii IA = allele 2(52 犖 3 antigen A IB = allele 2(52 犖 3 antigen B
P1

More Related Content

P1

  • 1. 犖 犖 犖 犖 : 犖 犖 ! "# 犖 ! $"# - & '(& ) ' & , ) species 犖 0# ) 12 3 ( ) 犖 犖 & '(& ' & 4 - & '(& ' & (犖 , species (犖 犖 ) 犖 犖 3 犖( & '(& ' &
  • 3. - 犖 ) 犖 5 犖 犖 " 3 ' 0# 6 & 0 - 犖 5 犖 犖 " 3 犖' 0 4 &#788 - 5 犖 # 犖9: 犖 0 - 5 犖 " # 犖9: 0犖
  • 4. 2( )# 6 犖 ( Genetic variation ) 1.2( )# 6 4 ( Continuous variation ) 犖 H -" ) 犖2( ) 犖 " 3 ' - 2( ) 犖 I 犖 # 犖9 #J K 5 4 犖 - 0犖2(52 1 gene 20 - & )( 3 & & 犖 ) 犖 - 2( 犖 (I3 3 #& - 犖 M) 2( I 犖 ) 犖 #J 0#123 #犖 & - ( 2( 0 HK 犖 &#788 2( : 犖 : 36 6 &
  • 7. 2. 2( )# 6 " 4 ( Discontinuous variation ) 犖 H - 2( ) 犖 ' - 0犖2(52 1 gene 3 20 - & )( 3 6 犖 ) 犖 3 犖 - 2( 犖 (I3 3 2 P - 犖 M2( I 犖 ) 犖 " 3犖 M 0#) - ( 0 4 犖 &H & 0 犖 &H
  • 10. 2K 2( 03 1. Gamete 2. Gene 3. Allele P P homozygous for the dominant allele a a homozygous for the recessive allele B b heterozygous recessive allele , dominant allele
  • 11. 4. Genotype 犖 I TT , Tt , tt 4 T/T , T/t , t/t Genotype 2 )55 24 - homozygous genotype ` homozygous dominant - homozygous recessive - heterozygous genotype 5. Phenotype 6. Dominant 7. Recessive
  • 12. 犖 犖 犖5 & )( 3 & )( 3 & & 犖 犖 犖 ` 3 I!H 犖5IH K : 3 犖& 犖 H $' - 3 犖 犖 H 犖 (I3 犖5#7 犖 H 1犖 " 35& & 犖 & )( 3 犖 ' 2( 0 &#788 # & 犖 : 3 HK I 12 - 3 犖 犖 H #J 犖 犖& 犖#9&犖& & P : e 2( 6& #犖 &P : e & )( 3 & & 3 ' 犖 6&( 64 犖 5 0 4
  • 13. # ( &) 6 I
  • 14. Unit factor 5( 犖 $I ( 0犖2(52 1 犖 2 ( ' &I 3 ( 1. H # 0犖 6 犖 g 犖 2. 犖 ) 犖 犖 ' 3. 12 3 犖" #h 1 犖 : 3 犖 6 I3 3 2( K g I 1. 犖 !犖 0犖2(52 1 gene 1 20 2. 犖 !犖 ) 犖 犖 ' 3. :'3 4' " 3 4. :'3 ` ) #J ) 3 5. #J 犖2 &
  • 15. 犖 I
  • 16. ( I 犖 -) 犖 I 犖 I 犖 H F1 F2 : F2 2( 0 K 3 0 H 0 0 787 H 2.84 : 1 0# I k7犖 (5 )M5 (5 (5 882 )M5 2.95 : 1 0# I 犖 II 犖 犖 5474 II 2.96 : 1 g I g 4 I( 4 4 I( 3.01 : 1 K) 犖 犖 犖& 犖 犖 犖& 犖 犖& 犖 3.14 : 1 I 犖 ( I( ( ( I( 3.15 : 1 I k7犖 I( 4 I( I( 4 2.82 : 1
  • 17. #犖 I 1. P = Parential generation 犖 ,, F1 = first filial generation %& ,, F2 = second generation 2. *+,- .,/ 0/ 1犖234 &- 1 5犖 6 6 6 . 犖 factor 3. 犖 F1 84 . 1犖234 .,9 &犖:6% ; 犖1 % 4. 犖6犖+ 8&犖犖& =1 > - gene 8&犖 &- 4/ ?,- 5. 6 . 犖 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F1 & Dominant 6 . 犖 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F2 & Recissive 6. 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F1 : 1犖234 .,9 &犖:A F2 = 3 : 1
  • 18. 犖nI 1. Law of segregation P TT x tt T T t t gamete P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t
  • 19. 2. Law of independent assortment e 45 ) 犖 犖犖 '( 犖 3 e 45 ( 犖 : " 3 & H P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t F1 TT Tt Tt tt
  • 20. Test ` cross #J 犖 6 4 5 genotype I & '(& ( #J ) 3 4 1 K "#6 犖5 Homozygous recessive H g 犖 - RR 4 Rr g 犖 x rr g 犖 x rr g 犖 g 犖 : g II . . g 犖 = RR 1: 1 g 犖 = Rr
  • 21. Back cross #J 犖 6 1 犖 K 0犖6 F1 犖 5"#6 犖5 4 ) 犖 犖 犖 犖 ( ( Monohybrid cross )
  • 22. 犖& I& 1犖234 1 5犖 2 1犖234( Dihybrid cross ) - #J 犖 犖 犖 1 & 犖 I & '(& 2 犖 3 犖 -: 犖 & ( genotype ,phenotype K " 3 2 (& H 1. Punnet Squares : 3 R = gene 2(52 犖 g 犖 r = gene 2(52 犖 g II Y = gene 2(52 犖 g 4 y = gene 2(52 犖 g I(
  • 23. P I1, 6 O 犖 *.6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4*.6>. RRYY rryy gamete Ry ry F1 RrYy F1xF1 RrYy x RrYy Gamete R Y - RY R Y - RY y - Ry y - Ry r Y - rY r Y - rY y - ry y - ry
  • 24. RY Ry rY ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
  • 25. Phenotype Genotype ( ( genotype phenotype RRYY 1 / 16 g 犖 - 4 RRYy 2 / 16 9 / 16 RrYY 2 / 16 RrYy 4 / 16 g 犖 -I( RRyy 1/ 16 3 / 16 Rryy 2 / 16 g II - 4 rrYY 1 / 16 3 / 16 rrYy 2 / 16 g II -I( rryy 1 / 16 1 / 16
  • 26. # 1. genotype 9 ' & 2. ( genotype 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 3. phenotype 4 ' & 4. ( phenotype 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
  • 27. 2. Branching system P I1, 6 O 犖 6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4 - 6>. RRYY rryy gamete RY ry F1 RrYy F1 x F1 RrYy RrYy RrRr YyYy gamete 村 RR : 2/4 Rr : 村 rr 村 YY : 2/4 Yy : 村 yy
  • 28. 1犖234 ., 1 1犖234 ., 2 1= &* genotype 村 YY 1 / 16 RRYY 1 / 4 RR 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 RRYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 RRyy 村 YY 2 / 16 RrYY 2 / 4 Rr 2 / 4 Yy 4 / 16 RrYy 1/4 yy 2 / 16 Rryy 村 YY 1 / 16 rrYY 1 / 4 rr 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 rrYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 rryy
  • 29. 犖 1 犖 2 ( Phenotype 3/ 4 犖 3/4 4 9 / 16 g 犖 - 4 1/4 I ( 3 / 16 g 犖 -I( 1/4I I 3/4 4 3 / 16 g II - 4 1/4 I ( 1 / 16 g II -I( 3. 1 犖 :'3 0 -K ( ' & gamete = 2n -K ( ' & genotype = 3n -K ( ' & phenotype = 2n
  • 30. 1. Aa BB Cc 2. Aa Bb Cc DD Ee FF
  • 31. 0#)55犖 犖 犖 1. 犖 )55 Complete Dominant #J 犖 犖 1 gene I gene 3 " 3 50 #J "# 犖n H F1 #J 犖 F2 #J 犖 : 犖 3 =3:1 =9:3:3:1
  • 32. 2. 犖 )55 Incomplete Dominant 2.1 犖 犖 犖5 g F1 genotype = Aa ' 0 F2 genotype AA : Aa : aa = 1 : 2 : 1 phenotype ) : ' 0 : I ( = 1 : 2 : 1
  • 33. 2.2 犖 I I "犖 Andalusion blue
  • 34. 2.3 犖 犖 I I 12 2.4 犖 犖 犖 &H 犖
  • 35. 3. 犖 犖 )55 Co ` dominant : 犖 H gene H 2(52 犖 " I e! 犖 ) 犖 ) ) 2( " 3 $犖 ! # 犖9 犖 犖 ( 犖 ' 0 4 ABO allele 犖 (I3 IA , IB ) i #犖 & gr A genotype IA IA, IA i gr B ,, I B IB , IB i gr AB ,, I A IB gr ii genotype ii
  • 36. 4. 犖 犖 )55 Over dominant 犖& 犖 allele : P heterozygous ) 犖 Phenotype 4 犖( allele : P homozygous I `) ' P TT 0 3 M tt 0 1 M F Tt 0 6 M
  • 37. Multiple allele 犖 allele gene 犖& 犖( 2 )55I!H "# 2(52 犖 ) 犖I 犖 : 犖 ! 1 gene 犖 ( K) 05 chromosome #J homologous 犖 . 1. 犖 I 0 4 ABO 0 4 ABO gene 2(52 3 allele 24 IA, IB ) ii IA = allele 2(52 犖 3 antigen A IB = allele 2(52 犖 3 antigen B