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parkinsons disease

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Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive movement disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The primary symptoms include tremors, slowness of movement, rigidity, and impaired balance and coordination. While there is no cure, treatment options like medication and surgery can help manage symptoms. Parkinson's is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and neurological exam, as there are no standard diagnostic tests. Making an accurate diagnosis, especially early on, can be difficult.

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PARKINSONS DISEASE BY:L.BHAVYA SREE PHARMA.D
PARKINSONS DISEASE • DEFINITION: What is Parkinson’s Disease? • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder, meaning that symptoms continue and worsen over time. Nearly one million people in the US are living with Parkinson's disease. The cause is unknown, and although there is presently no cure, there are treatment options such as medication and surgery to manage its symptoms.
• Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, called neurons. Parkinson's primarily affects neurons in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine, a chemical that sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. As PD progresses, the amount of dopamine produced in the brain decreases, leaving a person unable to control movement normally.
• SYMPTOMS: The specific group of symptoms that an individual experiences varies from person to person. Primary motor signs of Parkinson’s disease include the following. • tremor of the hands, arms, legs, jaw and face • bradykinesia or slowness of movement • rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk • postural instability or impaired balance and coordination
• Scientists are also exploring the idea that loss of cells in other areas of the brain and body contribute to Parkinson’s. For example, researchers have discovered that the hallmark sign of Parkinson’s disease — clumps of a protein alpha-synuclein, which are also called Lewy Bodies — are found not only in the mid-brain but also in the brain stem and the olfactory bulb. • These areas of the brain correlate to nonmotor functions such as sense of smell and sleep regulation. The presence of Lewy bodies in these areas could explain the nonmotor symptoms experienced by some people with PD before any motor sign of the disease appears. The intestines also have dopamine cells that degenerate in Parkinson’s, and this may be important in the gastrointestinal symptoms that are part of the disease
DIAGNOSIS Making an accurate diagnosis of Parkinson’s — particularly in its early stages — is difficult, but a skilled practitioner can come to a reasoned conclusion that it is PD. You may have experienced this frustration. Perhaps it took years for you to receive a diagnosis. Perhaps you have been diagnosed, but with Parkinsonism, not Parkinson's, and are confused about the implications.
• How is Parkinson’s Diagnosed? • Often, the diagnosis of Parkinson’s is first made by an internist or family physician. Many people seek an additional opinion from a neurologist with experience and specific training in the assessment and treatment of Parkinson’s disease — referred to as a movement disorder specialist. To diagnose Parkinson’s, the physician takes a careful neurological history and performs an examination. There are no standard diagnostic tests for Parkinson’s, so the diagnosis rests on the clinical information provided by the person with Parkinson’s and the findings of the neurological exam.
• The doctor looks to see if your expression is animated. • Your arms are observed for tremor, which is present either when they are at rest, or extended. • Is there stiffness in your limbs or neck? • Can you rise from a chair easily? • Do you walk normally or with short steps, and do your arms swing symmetrically? The doctor will pull you backwards. • How quickly are you able to regain your balance?
• The main role of any additional testing is to exclude other diseases that imitate Parkinson’s disease, such as stroke or hydrocephalus. Very mild cases of PD can be difficult to confirm, even by an experienced neurologist. This is in part because there are many neurological conditions that mimic the appearance of Parkinson’s. • A person’s good response to levodopa (which temporarily restores dopamineaction in the brain) may support the diagnosis. But this is not relevant if your doctor thinks you do not need any medication at this time. If you are in doubt of your diagnosis or if you need further information, you may want to seek a second opinion.
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parkinsons disease

  • 2. PARKINSONS DISEASE • DEFINITION: What is Parkinson’s Disease? • Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder, meaning that symptoms continue and worsen over time. Nearly one million people in the US are living with Parkinson's disease. The cause is unknown, and although there is presently no cure, there are treatment options such as medication and surgery to manage its symptoms.
  • 3. • Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, called neurons. Parkinson's primarily affects neurons in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine, a chemical that sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. As PD progresses, the amount of dopamine produced in the brain decreases, leaving a person unable to control movement normally.
  • 4. • SYMPTOMS: The specific group of symptoms that an individual experiences varies from person to person. Primary motor signs of Parkinson’s disease include the following. • tremor of the hands, arms, legs, jaw and face • bradykinesia or slowness of movement • rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk • postural instability or impaired balance and coordination
  • 5. • Scientists are also exploring the idea that loss of cells in other areas of the brain and body contribute to Parkinson’s. For example, researchers have discovered that the hallmark sign of Parkinson’s disease — clumps of a protein alpha-synuclein, which are also called Lewy Bodies — are found not only in the mid-brain but also in the brain stem and the olfactory bulb. • These areas of the brain correlate to nonmotor functions such as sense of smell and sleep regulation. The presence of Lewy bodies in these areas could explain the nonmotor symptoms experienced by some people with PD before any motor sign of the disease appears. The intestines also have dopamine cells that degenerate in Parkinson’s, and this may be important in the gastrointestinal symptoms that are part of the disease
  • 6. DIAGNOSIS Making an accurate diagnosis of Parkinson’s — particularly in its early stages — is difficult, but a skilled practitioner can come to a reasoned conclusion that it is PD. You may have experienced this frustration. Perhaps it took years for you to receive a diagnosis. Perhaps you have been diagnosed, but with Parkinsonism, not Parkinson's, and are confused about the implications.
  • 7. • How is Parkinson’s Diagnosed? • Often, the diagnosis of Parkinson’s is first made by an internist or family physician. Many people seek an additional opinion from a neurologist with experience and specific training in the assessment and treatment of Parkinson’s disease — referred to as a movement disorder specialist. To diagnose Parkinson’s, the physician takes a careful neurological history and performs an examination. There are no standard diagnostic tests for Parkinson’s, so the diagnosis rests on the clinical information provided by the person with Parkinson’s and the findings of the neurological exam.
  • 8. • The doctor looks to see if your expression is animated. • Your arms are observed for tremor, which is present either when they are at rest, or extended. • Is there stiffness in your limbs or neck? • Can you rise from a chair easily? • Do you walk normally or with short steps, and do your arms swing symmetrically? The doctor will pull you backwards. • How quickly are you able to regain your balance?
  • 9. • The main role of any additional testing is to exclude other diseases that imitate Parkinson’s disease, such as stroke or hydrocephalus. Very mild cases of PD can be difficult to confirm, even by an experienced neurologist. This is in part because there are many neurological conditions that mimic the appearance of Parkinson’s. • A person’s good response to levodopa (which temporarily restores dopamineaction in the brain) may support the diagnosis. But this is not relevant if your doctor thinks you do not need any medication at this time. If you are in doubt of your diagnosis or if you need further information, you may want to seek a second opinion.