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PC 106 PPT-05

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MLG College of Learning, Inc

There are several common network topologies for LANs and WANs. Common LAN topologies include bus, star, ring, switched, daisy chain, and hierarchical topologies. Bus topology is easy to implement but has limited cable length. Star topology is easy to manage and scale but a failure of the central device takes down the whole network. Ring topology provides better performance than bus but a single failure affects the whole network. WAN topologies include peer-to-peer, ring, star, full mesh, partial mesh, multi-tiered, and hybrid configurations with different tradeoffs around cost, performance, redundancy, and scalability.

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Network Topologies LAN topologies WAN topologies
LAN topologies Physical Describes the geometric arrangement of components that make up the LAN Logical Describes the possible connections between pairs of networked end-points that can communicate 2
LAN Topologies(Physical) 1) Bus 2) Star 3) Ring 4) Switched 5) Daisy chains 6) Hierarchies 3
Bus topology All networked nodes are interconnected, peer to peer, using a single, open-ended cable Both ends of the bus must be terminated with a terminating resistor to prevent signal bounce 4
Bus topology 5
Advantages of Bus topology 1) Easy to implement and extend 2) Well suited for temporary networks that must be set up in a hurry 3) Typically the least cheapest topology to implement 4) Failure of one station does not affect others 6
Disadvantages of Bus topology 1) Difficult to administer/troubleshoot 2) Limited cable length and number of stations 3) A cable break can disable the entire network; no redundancy 4) Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run 5) Performance degrades as additional computers are added 7
Ring topology started out as a simple peer-to-peer LAN topology Each networked workstation had two connections: one to each of its nearest neighbors Data was transmitted unidirectionally around the ring Sending and receiving of data takes place by the help of TOKEN 8
Token Passing Token contains a piece of information which along with data is sent by the source computer This token then passes to next node, which checks if the signal is intended to it If yes, it receives it and passes the empty to into the network otherwise passes token along with the data to next node 9
Ring topology 10
Advantages of Ring topology 1) This type of network topology is very organized 2) Performance is better than that of Bus topology 3) No need for network server to control the connectivity between workstations 4) Additional components do not affect the performance of network 5) Each computer has equal access to resources 11
Disadvantages of Ring topology 1) Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source and destination, slower than star topology 2) If one workstation or port goes down, the entire network gets affected 3) Network is highly dependent on the wire which connects different components 12
Star topology Have connections to networked devices that radiate out form a common point Each networked device in star topology can access the media independently Have become the dominant topology type in contemporary LANs Stars have made buses and rings obsolete in LAN topologies 13
Star topology 14
Advantages of star topology 1) Compared to Bus topology it gives far much better performance 2) Easy to connect new nodes or devices 3) Centralized management. It helps in monitoring the network 4) Failure of one node or link doesnt affect the rest of network 15
Disadvantages of star topology 1) If central device fails whole network goes down 2) The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network 3) Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such topology is depended on capacity of central device 16
Switched topology A switch is a multiport, Data Link Layer device A switch learns Media Access Control addresses and stores them in an internal lookup table Temporary, switched paths are created between the frames originator and its intended recipient, and the frames are forwarded along the temporary path Switched topology features multiple connections to a switching hub/Switch Each port, and the device to which it connects, has its own dedicated bandwidth 17
Switched topology 18
Advantages/Disadvantages of a Switched topology Advantage: Can improve LAN performance: increase the aggregate bandwidth available throughout the network reducing the number of devices forced to share each segment of bandwidth Disadvantage: Large switched implementations do not isolate broadcasts 19
Daisy chains Developed by serially interconnecting all the hubs of a network This simple approach uses ports on existing hubs for interconnecting the hubs Daisy chains are easily built and dont require any special administrative skills Daisy chains were, historically, the interconnection method of choice for 20
Daisy chains 21
Disadvantage of Daisy chain Increases the number of connections, and therefore the number of devices, on a LAN. Too many devices competing for the same amount of bandwidth can create collisions and quickly incapacitate a LAN 22
Hierarchies Hierarchical topologies consist of more than one layer of hubs. Each layer serves a different network function The bottom tier is reserved for user station and server connectivity. Higher- level tiers provide aggregation of the user-level tier A hierarchical arrangement is best suited for medium-to-large-sized LANs that must be concerned with scalability of the network and with traffic 23
Hierarchical rings Ring networks can be scaled up by interconnecting multiple rings in a hierarchical fashion User station and server connectivity can be provided by as many limited size rings as are necessary to provide the required level of performance A second-tier ring, either Token Ring or FDDI, can be used to interconnect all the user level rings and to provide aggregated access to the Wide Area Network (WAN) 24
Hierarchical rings 25
Hierarchical stars Star topologies, can be implemented in hierarchical arrangements of multiple stars Hierarchical stars can be implemented as a single collision domain or segmented into multiple collision domains using switches, routers or bridges 26
Hierarchical stars 27
Hierarchical combinations Overall network performance can be enhanced by not force-fitting all the functional requirements of the LAN into a single solution Todays high-end switching hubs enable you to mix multiple technologies 28
Hierarchical combinations 29
WAN Topologies The topology of a WAN describes the way the transmission facilities are arranged relative to the locations that they interconnect Numerous topologies are possible, each one offering a different mix of cost, performance and scalability 30
WAN Topologies 1) Peer-to-peer WANs 2) Ring WANs 3) Star WANs 4) Full-mesh WANs 5) Partial-mesh WANs 6) Two-tiered 7) Three-tiered 8) Hybrids 31
Peer-to-peer topology A peer-to-peer WAN can be developed using leased private lines or any other transmission facility This WAN topology is a relatively simple way of interconnecting a small number of sites Represents the least-cost solution for WANs that contain a small number of internetworked locations 32
Peer-to-peer T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C 33
Advantage/Disadvantage of Peer-to-peer Advantage: It is inexpensive relative to other options Disadvantages: They dont scale very well. As additional locations are introduced to the WAN, the number of hops between any given pair of locations remains highly inconsistent and has an upward trend An equipment or facility failure anywhere in a peer-to-peer WAN can split the WAN 34
Ring topology Can be developed fairly easily from a peer-to-peer network by adding one transmission facility and an extra port on two routers A ring-shaped WAN constructed with point-to-point transmission facilities can be used to interconnect a small number of sites and provide route redundancy at a potentially minimal incremental cost Can use dynamic routing protocols 35
Ring topology T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C T1 T1 User Location D 36
Advantages/Disadvantages of Ring topology Advantages: It provides alternative routes It is less expensive than all but the peer- to-peer WAN Disadvantages: Depending on the geographic dispersion of the locations, adding an extra transmission facility to complete the ring may be cost prohibitive Rings are not very scalable 37
Star network Topology constructed by homing all locations into a common location The star topology can be constructed using almost any dedicated transmission facility including frame relay and point-to-point private lines 38
Advantages/Disadvantages of star topology Advantages: More scalable than a peer-to-peer or ring network Improved network performance. Hop count of three Disadvantages: It creates a single point of failure There is no route redundancy 39
Star topology T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C T1 User Location D 40
Full-mesh topology This topology features the ultimate reliability and fault tolerance Every networked node is directly connected to every other networked node Redundant routes to each location are plentiful, hence static routing impractical. Use dynamic routing protocols One application would be to provide interconnectivity for a limited number of routers that require high network availability Another potential application is to fully mesh just parts of the WAN, such as the backbone of a multitiered WAN or tightly coupled work centers 41
Advantages/Disadvantages of full-mesh Advantages: Minimizes the number of hops between any two network-connected machines Can be built with virtually any transmission technology Disadvantages: These WANs can be fairly expensive to build A finite (although substantial) limit on the scalability of the network 42
Full-mesh topology T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C T1 T1 User Location D T1 T1 43
Partial-mesh topology Partial meshes are highly flexible topologies that can take a variety of very different configurations The routers are much more tightly coupled than any of the basic topologies but are not fully interconnected, as would be the case in a fully meshed network A partially meshed WAN topology is readily identified by the almost complete interconnection of every node with every 44
Partial-mesh T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C User Location D T1 T1 45
Advantages of partial-mesh Partial meshes offer the capability to minimize hops for the bulk of the WANs users Unlike fully meshed networks, a partial mesh can reduce the startup and operational expenses by not interconnecting low-traffic segments of the WAN, hence more affordable and scalable 46
Two-tiered topology A two-tiered topology is a modified version of the basic star topology. Rather than single concentrator routers, two or more routers are used A two-tiered WAN constructed with dedicated facilities offers improved fault tolerance over the simple star topology without compromising scalability 47
Two-tiered topology T1 T1 User Location B User Location D User Location F T1 User Location E T1 T1 User Location A User Location C 48
Three-tiered topology WANs that need to interconnect a very large number of sites, or are built using smaller routers that can support only a few serial connections, may find the two-tiered architecture insufficiently scalable. Therefore, adding a third tier may well provide the additional scalability they require 49
Three-tiered T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location D T1 User Location C 56Kb T1 T1 56Kb T1 User Location E User Location F User Location G User Location H User Tier Concentrator tier Backbone tier 50
Advantage/Disadvantage of three-tiered Advantage: A three-tiered WAN constructed with dedicated facilities offers even greater fault tolerance and scalability than the two-tiered topology Disadvantage: Three-tiered networks are expensive to build, operate and maintain 51
Hybrid topologies Hybridization of multiple topologies is useful in larger, more complex networks Multitiered networks, in particular, lend themselves to hybridization. A multitiered WAN can be hybridized by fully or partially meshing the backbone tier of routers An effective hybrid topology may be developed in a multitiered WAN by using a fully meshed topology for the backbone nodes only 52
Hybrid topology T1 T1 User Location B User Location D T1 User Location C 56Kb T1 T1 56Kb T1 User Location E User Location F User Location G User Location H User Tier Concentrator tier Backbone tier T3 T3 T3 53

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PC 106 PPT-05

  • 2. LAN topologies Physical Describes the geometric arrangement of components that make up the LAN Logical Describes the possible connections between pairs of networked end-points that can communicate 2
  • 3. LAN Topologies(Physical) 1) Bus 2) Star 3) Ring 4) Switched 5) Daisy chains 6) Hierarchies 3
  • 4. Bus topology All networked nodes are interconnected, peer to peer, using a single, open-ended cable Both ends of the bus must be terminated with a terminating resistor to prevent signal bounce 4
  • 6. Advantages of Bus topology 1) Easy to implement and extend 2) Well suited for temporary networks that must be set up in a hurry 3) Typically the least cheapest topology to implement 4) Failure of one station does not affect others 6
  • 7. Disadvantages of Bus topology 1) Difficult to administer/troubleshoot 2) Limited cable length and number of stations 3) A cable break can disable the entire network; no redundancy 4) Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run 5) Performance degrades as additional computers are added 7
  • 8. Ring topology started out as a simple peer-to-peer LAN topology Each networked workstation had two connections: one to each of its nearest neighbors Data was transmitted unidirectionally around the ring Sending and receiving of data takes place by the help of TOKEN 8
  • 9. Token Passing Token contains a piece of information which along with data is sent by the source computer This token then passes to next node, which checks if the signal is intended to it If yes, it receives it and passes the empty to into the network otherwise passes token along with the data to next node 9
  • 11. Advantages of Ring topology 1) This type of network topology is very organized 2) Performance is better than that of Bus topology 3) No need for network server to control the connectivity between workstations 4) Additional components do not affect the performance of network 5) Each computer has equal access to resources 11
  • 12. Disadvantages of Ring topology 1) Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source and destination, slower than star topology 2) If one workstation or port goes down, the entire network gets affected 3) Network is highly dependent on the wire which connects different components 12
  • 13. Star topology Have connections to networked devices that radiate out form a common point Each networked device in star topology can access the media independently Have become the dominant topology type in contemporary LANs Stars have made buses and rings obsolete in LAN topologies 13
  • 15. Advantages of star topology 1) Compared to Bus topology it gives far much better performance 2) Easy to connect new nodes or devices 3) Centralized management. It helps in monitoring the network 4) Failure of one node or link doesnt affect the rest of network 15
  • 16. Disadvantages of star topology 1) If central device fails whole network goes down 2) The use of hub, a router or a switch as central device increases the overall cost of the network 3) Performance and as well number of nodes which can be added in such topology is depended on capacity of central device 16
  • 17. Switched topology A switch is a multiport, Data Link Layer device A switch learns Media Access Control addresses and stores them in an internal lookup table Temporary, switched paths are created between the frames originator and its intended recipient, and the frames are forwarded along the temporary path Switched topology features multiple connections to a switching hub/Switch Each port, and the device to which it connects, has its own dedicated bandwidth 17
  • 19. Advantages/Disadvantages of a Switched topology Advantage: Can improve LAN performance: increase the aggregate bandwidth available throughout the network reducing the number of devices forced to share each segment of bandwidth Disadvantage: Large switched implementations do not isolate broadcasts 19
  • 20. Daisy chains Developed by serially interconnecting all the hubs of a network This simple approach uses ports on existing hubs for interconnecting the hubs Daisy chains are easily built and dont require any special administrative skills Daisy chains were, historically, the interconnection method of choice for 20
  • 22. Disadvantage of Daisy chain Increases the number of connections, and therefore the number of devices, on a LAN. Too many devices competing for the same amount of bandwidth can create collisions and quickly incapacitate a LAN 22
  • 23. Hierarchies Hierarchical topologies consist of more than one layer of hubs. Each layer serves a different network function The bottom tier is reserved for user station and server connectivity. Higher- level tiers provide aggregation of the user-level tier A hierarchical arrangement is best suited for medium-to-large-sized LANs that must be concerned with scalability of the network and with traffic 23
  • 24. Hierarchical rings Ring networks can be scaled up by interconnecting multiple rings in a hierarchical fashion User station and server connectivity can be provided by as many limited size rings as are necessary to provide the required level of performance A second-tier ring, either Token Ring or FDDI, can be used to interconnect all the user level rings and to provide aggregated access to the Wide Area Network (WAN) 24
  • 26. Hierarchical stars Star topologies, can be implemented in hierarchical arrangements of multiple stars Hierarchical stars can be implemented as a single collision domain or segmented into multiple collision domains using switches, routers or bridges 26
  • 28. Hierarchical combinations Overall network performance can be enhanced by not force-fitting all the functional requirements of the LAN into a single solution Todays high-end switching hubs enable you to mix multiple technologies 28
  • 30. WAN Topologies The topology of a WAN describes the way the transmission facilities are arranged relative to the locations that they interconnect Numerous topologies are possible, each one offering a different mix of cost, performance and scalability 30
  • 31. WAN Topologies 1) Peer-to-peer WANs 2) Ring WANs 3) Star WANs 4) Full-mesh WANs 5) Partial-mesh WANs 6) Two-tiered 7) Three-tiered 8) Hybrids 31
  • 32. Peer-to-peer topology A peer-to-peer WAN can be developed using leased private lines or any other transmission facility This WAN topology is a relatively simple way of interconnecting a small number of sites Represents the least-cost solution for WANs that contain a small number of internetworked locations 32
  • 33. Peer-to-peer T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C 33
  • 34. Advantage/Disadvantage of Peer-to-peer Advantage: It is inexpensive relative to other options Disadvantages: They dont scale very well. As additional locations are introduced to the WAN, the number of hops between any given pair of locations remains highly inconsistent and has an upward trend An equipment or facility failure anywhere in a peer-to-peer WAN can split the WAN 34
  • 35. Ring topology Can be developed fairly easily from a peer-to-peer network by adding one transmission facility and an extra port on two routers A ring-shaped WAN constructed with point-to-point transmission facilities can be used to interconnect a small number of sites and provide route redundancy at a potentially minimal incremental cost Can use dynamic routing protocols 35
  • 36. Ring topology T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C T1 T1 User Location D 36
  • 37. Advantages/Disadvantages of Ring topology Advantages: It provides alternative routes It is less expensive than all but the peer- to-peer WAN Disadvantages: Depending on the geographic dispersion of the locations, adding an extra transmission facility to complete the ring may be cost prohibitive Rings are not very scalable 37
  • 38. Star network Topology constructed by homing all locations into a common location The star topology can be constructed using almost any dedicated transmission facility including frame relay and point-to-point private lines 38
  • 39. Advantages/Disadvantages of star topology Advantages: More scalable than a peer-to-peer or ring network Improved network performance. Hop count of three Disadvantages: It creates a single point of failure There is no route redundancy 39
  • 40. Star topology T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C T1 User Location D 40
  • 41. Full-mesh topology This topology features the ultimate reliability and fault tolerance Every networked node is directly connected to every other networked node Redundant routes to each location are plentiful, hence static routing impractical. Use dynamic routing protocols One application would be to provide interconnectivity for a limited number of routers that require high network availability Another potential application is to fully mesh just parts of the WAN, such as the backbone of a multitiered WAN or tightly coupled work centers 41
  • 42. Advantages/Disadvantages of full-mesh Advantages: Minimizes the number of hops between any two network-connected machines Can be built with virtually any transmission technology Disadvantages: These WANs can be fairly expensive to build A finite (although substantial) limit on the scalability of the network 42
  • 43. Full-mesh topology T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C T1 T1 User Location D T1 T1 43
  • 44. Partial-mesh topology Partial meshes are highly flexible topologies that can take a variety of very different configurations The routers are much more tightly coupled than any of the basic topologies but are not fully interconnected, as would be the case in a fully meshed network A partially meshed WAN topology is readily identified by the almost complete interconnection of every node with every 44
  • 45. Partial-mesh T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location C User Location D T1 T1 45
  • 46. Advantages of partial-mesh Partial meshes offer the capability to minimize hops for the bulk of the WANs users Unlike fully meshed networks, a partial mesh can reduce the startup and operational expenses by not interconnecting low-traffic segments of the WAN, hence more affordable and scalable 46
  • 47. Two-tiered topology A two-tiered topology is a modified version of the basic star topology. Rather than single concentrator routers, two or more routers are used A two-tiered WAN constructed with dedicated facilities offers improved fault tolerance over the simple star topology without compromising scalability 47
  • 48. Two-tiered topology T1 T1 User Location B User Location D User Location F T1 User Location E T1 T1 User Location A User Location C 48
  • 49. Three-tiered topology WANs that need to interconnect a very large number of sites, or are built using smaller routers that can support only a few serial connections, may find the two-tiered architecture insufficiently scalable. Therefore, adding a third tier may well provide the additional scalability they require 49
  • 50. Three-tiered T1 T1 User Location A User Location B User Location D T1 User Location C 56Kb T1 T1 56Kb T1 User Location E User Location F User Location G User Location H User Tier Concentrator tier Backbone tier 50
  • 51. Advantage/Disadvantage of three-tiered Advantage: A three-tiered WAN constructed with dedicated facilities offers even greater fault tolerance and scalability than the two-tiered topology Disadvantage: Three-tiered networks are expensive to build, operate and maintain 51
  • 52. Hybrid topologies Hybridization of multiple topologies is useful in larger, more complex networks Multitiered networks, in particular, lend themselves to hybridization. A multitiered WAN can be hybridized by fully or partially meshing the backbone tier of routers An effective hybrid topology may be developed in a multitiered WAN by using a fully meshed topology for the backbone nodes only 52
  • 53. Hybrid topology T1 T1 User Location B User Location D T1 User Location C 56Kb T1 T1 56Kb T1 User Location E User Location F User Location G User Location H User Tier Concentrator tier Backbone tier T3 T3 T3 53