pci dei combustibili

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pci combustibili

Energetica
G
243 Termotecnica
POTERE CALORIFICO DEI COMBUSTIBILI
Generalit`a. I combustibili si possono deﬁnire come sostanze capaci di pro-
durre energia termica a seguito di una reazione chimica detta comunemente com-
bustione. I combustibili tradizionali sono costituiti principalmente da carbonio (C)
e idrogeno (H).
Classiﬁcazione. I combustibili si classiﬁcano in solidi, liquidi e gassosi. I
combustibili solidi vanno frantumati in modo da facilitarne sia il trasporto sia la
successiva utilizzazione nell’impianto di combustione. I combustibili liquidi presen-
tano, rispetto agli altri tipi di combustibili, importanti vantaggi dal punto di vista
del trasporto; essi, inoltre, non pongono particolari problemi di miscelazione con
l’ossidante. I combustibili gassosi presentano le migliori caratteristiche di miscibi-
lit`a con l’aria comburente, ma per contro possono presentare problemi di trasporto
critici sia nel trasferimento dal luogo di estrazione o di produzione sia nella distri-
buzione all’utilizzatore. Viene poi comunemente fatta un’ulteriore distinzione dei
vari tipi di combustibili e cio`e in combustibili naturali e derivati, in relazione alle
condizioni in cui vengono impiegati: naturali, se si adoperano cos`ı come si trovano
in natura; derivati se ricavati da processi di trasformazione di sostanze che di per
s´e non sarebbero in grado di bruciare, (per esempio il biogas risultato della decom-
posizione dei riﬁuti solidi urbani), oppure ottenuti con trasformazioni rilevanti dai
combustibili naturali in modo da renderli adatti all’utilizzazione, (per esempio la
sintesi da metano e ossigeno per l’impiego nei trasporti su strada).
Potere caloriﬁco. La quantit`a di calore prodotta dall’unit`a di massa di
un determinato combustibile, quando questo brucia completamente, rappresenta il
potere caloriﬁco di quel combustibile. Si distingue tra: • Potere caloriﬁco superio-
re (Hs): quantit`a di calore che si rende disponibile per eﬀetto della combustione
completa, a pressione costante della massa unitaria del combustibile, quando i pro-
dotti della combustione siano riportati alla temperatura iniziale del combustibile
e del comburente. La quantit`a complessiva di calore della combustione `e minore
se, nel riportare i prodotti di combustione alla temperatura iniziale di combusti-
bile e comburente, il vapore d’acqua (contenuto nei gas di combustione) non viene
condensato e non rilascia il proprio calore di condensazione. Si deﬁnisce pertanto:
• Potere caloriﬁco inferiore (Hi): potere caloriﬁco superiore diminuito del calore
di condensazione del vapore d’acqua formatosi durante la combustione. Il vapor
d’acqua non viene condensato nei processi di combustione in caldaia e quindi `e al
potere inferiore che si fa normalmente riferimento nella termotecnica.
Una valutazione approssimata del potere caloriﬁco di un combustibile pu`o es-
sere fatta conoscendo la composizione chimica elementare dello stesso, con l’ipotesi
che il potere caloriﬁco globale sia pari alla somma dei poteri caloriﬁci dei singoli
elementi costituenti. In particolare, il potere caloriﬁco superiore `e pari a: Hs =
(C) × (kgC/kgcomb) × (34,03 MJ/kgC) + (H2)×(kgH2
/kgcomb)×(144,42 MJ/kgH2
); do-
ve kgcomb, kgC, kgH2
sono le masse in kg di combustibile e rispettivamente di
carbonio e idrogeno contenuti, mentre (C) e (H2) sono le percentuali in massa
di carbonio e idrogeno. Il potere caloriﬁco inferiore si determina tenendo conto
che nel processo di combustione si produce vapor d’acqua sia per l’ossidazione di
idrogeno che per l’evaporazione dell’acqua contenuta nel combustibile, e ogni kg di
vapor d’acqua che si produce assorbe circa 2500 kJ, che si disperdono sotto forma
di vapore. Perci`o: Hi = Hs− [9 (H2) + (H2O)]×(kgH2O/kgcomb)×(2500 kJ/kgH2O);
dove kgH2O e (H2O) sono rispettivamente la massa in kg e la percentuale in massa
di acqua contenuta nel combustibile.
Luca Galbiati

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pci dei combustibili

1. Energetica G 243 Termotecnica POTERE CALORIFICO DEI COMBUSTIBILI Generalità. I combustibili si possono definire come sostanze capaci di pro- durre energia termica a seguito di una reazione chimica detta comunemente combustione. I combustibili tradizionali sono costituiti principalmente da carbonio (C) e idrogeno (H). Classificazione. I combustibili si classificano in solidi, liquidi e gassosi. I combustibili solidi vanno frantumati in modo da facilitarne sia il trasporto sia la successiva utilizzazione nell’impianto di combustione. I combustibili liquidi presentano, rispetto agli altri tipi di combustibili, importanti vantaggi dal punto di vista del trasporto; essi, inoltre, non pongono particolari problemi di miscelazione con l’ossidante. I combustibili gassosi presentano le migliori caratteristiche di miscibi- lità con l’aria comburente, ma per contro possono presentare problemi di trasporto critici sia nel trasferimento dal luogo di estrazione o di produzione sia nella distri- buzione all’utilizzatore. Viene poi comunemente fatta un’ulteriore distinzione dei vari tipi di combustibili e cioè in combustibili naturali e derivati, in relazione alle condizioni in cui vengono impiegati: naturali, se si adoperano cos`ı come si trovano in natura; derivati se ricavati da processi di trasformazione di sostanze che di per sé non sarebbero in grado di bruciare, (per esempio il biogas risultato della decom- posizione dei rifiuti solidi urbani), oppure ottenuti con trasformazioni rilevanti dai combustibili naturali in modo da renderli adatti all’utilizzazione, (per esempio la sintesi da metano e ossigeno per l’impiego nei trasporti su strada). Potere calorifico. La quantità di calore prodotta dall’unità di massa di un determinato combustibile, quando questo brucia completamente, rappresenta il potere calorifico di quel combustibile. Si distingue tra: • Potere calorifico superiore (Hs): quantità di calore che si rende disponibile per effetto della combustione completa, a pressione costante della massa unitaria del combustibile, quando i prodotti della combustione siano riportati alla temperatura iniziale del combustibile e del comburente. La quantità complessiva di calore della combustione è minore se, nel riportare i prodotti di combustione alla temperatura iniziale di combustibile e comburente, il vapore d’acqua (contenuto nei gas di combustione) non viene condensato e non rilascia il proprio calore di condensazione. Si definisce pertanto: • Potere calorifico inferiore (Hi): potere calorifico superiore diminuito del calore di condensazione del vapore d’acqua formatosi durante la combustione. Il vapor d’acqua non viene condensato nei processi di combustione in caldaia e quindi è al potere inferiore che si fa normalmente riferimento nella termotecnica. Una valutazione approssimata del potere calorifico di un combustibile può es- sere fatta conoscendo la composizione chimica elementare dello stesso, con l’ipotesi che il potere calorifico globale sia pari alla somma dei poteri calorifici dei singoli elementi costituenti. In particolare, il potere calorifico superiore è pari a: Hs = (C) × (kgC/kgcomb) × (34,03 MJ/kgC) + (H2)×(kgH2 /kgcomb)×(144,42 MJ/kgH2 ); dove kgcomb, kgC, kgH2 sono le masse in kg di combustibile e rispettivamente di carbonio e idrogeno contenuti, mentre (C) e (H2) sono le percentuali in massa di carbonio e idrogeno. Il potere calorifico inferiore si determina tenendo conto che nel processo di combustione si produce vapor d’acqua sia per l’ossidazione di idrogeno che per l’evaporazione dell’acqua contenuta nel combustibile, e ogni kg di vapor d’acqua che si produce assorbe circa 2500 kJ, che si disperdono sotto forma di vapore. Perciò: Hi = Hs− [9 (H2) + (H2O)]×(kgH2O/kgcomb)×(2500 kJ/kgH2O); dove kgH2O e (H2O) sono rispettivamente la massa in kg e la percentuale in massa di acqua contenuta nel combustibile. Luca Galbiati

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pci dei combustibili

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