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PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT & DEFENSE MECHANISMS.pptxPersonality and environment: How a person's personality is influenced by their environment.
- 1. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT & DEFENSE MECHANISMS BY - ARADHANA MASIH
- 2. INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Personality development refers to the continuous growth and improvement of an individuals behavioral patterns, emotional responses, thought processes, and interpersonal skills. It is influenced by genetic factors, environmental experiences, social interactions, and personal choices. Personality shapes how individuals perceive the world, interact with others, and handle various life situations. Definition of Personality Development Personality development can be defined as: The process of enhancing and refining an individuals distinctive patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors over time through biological, social, and environmental influences.
- 3. THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS (OCEAN MODEL) The Big Five Personality Traits are widely accepted in psychology as the fundamental dimensions of human personality. These traits are commonly remembered using the acronym OCEAN: 1.Openness to Experience 1.High: Creative, curious, imaginative, open to new experiences. 2.Low: Traditional, prefers routine, less receptive to change. 2.Conscientiousness 1.High: Organized, disciplined, responsible, goal-oriented. 2.Low: Careless, impulsive, disorganized.
- 4. CONT 3. Extraversion 1.High: Outgoing, energetic, sociable, enjoys social interactions. 2.Low: Reserved, introverted, prefers solitude. 4. Agreeableness 3.High: Compassionate, cooperative, empathetic, helpful. 4.Low: Competitive, critical, uncooperative. 5. Neuroticism 5.High: Anxious, moody, emotionally unstable, prone to stress. 6.Low: Calm, resilient, emotionally stable.
- 5. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT 1. Psychodynamic Theory (Sigmund Freud) Suggests personality is shaped by unconscious drives, early childhood experiences, and conflicts between different parts of the mind. Three components of personality: Id (Instincts, pleasure-seeking). Ego (Reality, rational thinking). Superego (Morality, societal norms). Stages of Psychosexual Development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.
- 6. CONT 2. Eriksons Psychosocial Development Theory Expanded on Freuds ideas, focusing on social influences and lifelong development. Proposed 8 stages of psychosocial development, each involving a crisis that must be resolved (e.g., trust vs. mistrust, identity vs. role confusion).
- 7. CONT 3. Behaviorist Theory (B.F. Skinner, John Watson) Personality is shaped by environmental influences, learning experiences, and reinforcement. Emphasizes the role of conditioning (operant and classical) in developing behavior patterns.
- 8. CONT 4. Humanistic Theory (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow) Focuses on self-growth, free will, and the self-actualization process. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs suggests personality develops as individuals strive to meet physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
- 9. CONT 5. Trait Theory (Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, Big Five Model) Suggests that personality is composed of stable and consistent traits that influence behavior. Includes models like Allports Cardinal, Central, and Secondary Traits and Cattells 16 Personality Factors.
- 10. CONT 6. Social-Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura) Personality develops through interactions between cognitive processes, behaviors, and the environment. Observational learning (modeling) and self-efficacy play key roles in shaping personality.
- 11. DEFENSE MECHANISMS INTRODUCTION Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies used by individuals to protect themselves from anxiety, stress, or internal conflicts. These mechanisms help people cope with difficult emotions, traumatic experiences, and social pressures. While defense mechanisms can be helpful in managing stress temporarily, excessive reliance on them may interfere with emotional growth and reality-based problem-solving. DEFINITION Unconscious mental processes that protect individuals from anxiety, distress, or unacceptable thoughts and feelings by distorting reality. Sigmund Freud and later psychoanalysts identified various defense mechanisms as part of the egos role in balancing the demands of the id (instincts), superego (morality), and reality.
- 12. PROCESS OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS Trigger A stressful event, emotion, or thought occurs. Activation The mind unconsciously reacts to reduce distress. Distortion or Avoidance Reality is altered or avoided to lessen anxiety. Temporary Relief The individual feels less emotional discomfort. Reinforcement If successful, the mechanism may be repeated in similar situations.
- 13. LEVELS OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS (GEORGE VAILLANT'S MODEL) Psychologist George Vaillant classified defense mechanisms into four levels based on their maturity and effectiveness: 1. Pathological Defenses (Most Distorting, Least Healthy) These severely distort reality and may lead to difficulty in functioning. Example: Denial Refusing to accept reality (e.g., a person diagnosed with a terminal illness insists they are healthy). 2. Immature Defenses (Less Adaptive, Often Seen in Adolescents & Personality Disorders) These help in reducing anxiety but can lead to difficulty in relationships and personal growth. Examples: Projection Attributing ones own feelings to others (e.g., a person who dislikes their coworker believes their coworker dislikes them). Passive-Aggression Expressing anger indirectly rather than openly (e.g., deliberately procrastinating to frustrate someone).
- 14. CONT 3. Neurotic Defenses (Common in Adults, Can Cause Emotional Problems if Overused) These mechanisms help manage stress but may lead to inner conflicts. Examples: Repression Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts (e.g., forgetting a traumatic childhood event). Displacement Redirecting emotions to a safer target (e.g., a person angry at their boss yells at their spouse). 4. Mature Defenses (Healthiest, Promote Emotional Growth & Social Adaptation) These allow individuals to manage emotions constructively. Examples: Sublimation Channeling unacceptable impulses into productive activities (e.g., a person with aggressive tendencies becomes a boxer). Humor Using humor to cope with stress (e.g., joking about a tough situation to lighten the mood).
- 15. TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS 1. Denial (Pathological) Refusing to accept reality to avoid discomfort. Example: A smoker ignores warnings about lung cancer, claiming It wont happen to me. 2. Repression (Neurotic) Unconsciously pushing distressing memories or thoughts out of awareness. Example: A soldier does not remember a traumatic war experience.
- 16. CONT 3. Suppression (Mature) Consciously pushing unwanted thoughts aside to focus on other things. Example: A student puts aside worries about a family problem to focus on an exam. 4. Projection (Immature) Attributing ones own thoughts or emotions to someone else. Example: A dishonest employee believes their boss is trying to cheat them.
- 17. CONT 5. Displacement (Neurotic) Redirecting emotions to a less threatening object or person. Example: After a bad day at work, a person shouts at their family instead of their boss. 6. Reaction Formation (Neurotic) Behaving in a way opposite to ones true feelings. Example: A person who dislikes a coworker acts overly friendly toward them.
- 18. CONT 7. Rationalization (Neurotic) Justifying behavior with logical but false reasons. Example: A student who fails an exam says, The questions were unfair, instead of admitting lack of preparation. 8. Regression (Immature) Reverting to childlike behaviors in response to stress. Example: A stressed adult throws a tantrum or sleeps with a childhood stuffed toy.
- 19. CONT 9. Sublimation (Mature) Transforming negative impulses into positive actions. Example: A person with anger issues takes up kickboxing as a sport. 10. Intellectualization (Mature) Using logic and reasoning to avoid emotional distress. Example: A doctor calmly discusses the medical aspects of a terminal illness without acknowledging emotional pain.
- 20. CONT 11. Passive-Aggression (Immature) Expressing anger indirectly rather than openly. Example: A worker deliberately submits a project late to annoy their boss. 12. Humor (Mature) Using jokes to cope with difficult situations. Example: A student laughs about failing a test to reduce anxiety.