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PERSPECTIVE DRAWING _Subject: Graphic Skills - II Module II: Introduction to Perspective Drawing

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Subject: Graphic Skills - II Module II: Introduction to Perspective Drawing Presented by Ar. Ishkiran Singh Amity School of Architecture Amity University Raipur, Chhattisgarh Date- 29-11-2024
MODULE SPECIFICS: This module discussed the following aspects: What is a perspective Components of Perspective Types of Perspective Principles used in Perspective Method of drawing Two-point perspective Sample questions
EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES: You will gain basic information about making perspective drawings You will be able to understand the various components related to perspective drawing. You will be able to define one-point perspective, two-point perspective, and three-point perspective. You will be able to draw a two-point perspective.
DEFINITION and RATIONALE: Perspective is a three-dimensional view of any object seen by an observer in a 2-D plane. It is a Latin word meaning look through; Greeks had developed a sense of observation regarding the vanishing of the object to a certain point. In the 15th century, this art was taken into consideration. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) of the Renaissance period mentioned the mathematical laws of perspective. It helps Architects and engineers to visualize any object, like a box, house, pillar, table, chair, etc., in 3-dimension representation and convey the true image of a proposed structure.
COMPONENTS OF PERSPECTIVE: Picture Plane: It is a two-dimensional plane on which a three-dimensional building is drawn. It is an imaginary, transparent vertical plane erected between the object and the observer, very near to, or touching or cutting one corner of the object. To draw the perspective of a small object, the A plane can be behind the object. Position of Picture Plane
3-Dimensional view of of Picture Plane
Distance of object from observer affects the size of perspective Distance of object from the station Point Size of the perspective of object 2D H/2 3D H/3 4D H/4 ND H/N The distance of the object from the observer affects the size of perspective drawing.
Eye Point or Station Point: It is the position of the observer in the Plan. It is station point S or Spectator Point in the Plan, whereas in elevation it is eye level. It is a point from which an object is viewed. It is always in the front of the object as well as the picture plane. It can be in the center of the object or towards the right or left of the object. It should be chosen in such a way that it should give a real pictorial view. It is common to fix the station point at 3.5 times the height of the object from the nearest corner or the object. Too close to the station point will give a distorted view, and too far will give a very small perspective view.
Ground Line: It is a straight horizontal line that represents ground level. This is a line of ground on which the observer is standing and visualizing. Eye Level: It is a horizontal line and plane at the eye level of the observer. it is represented by a straight line called the Horizon Line (HL). In general, we consider the human eye level at 1.6 1.8m from ground level.
It is a line represents eye level and drawn at observer height above ground level. The objects convergence occurs at a point on this line. Different Planes
Horizontal Plane: Horizontal plane is a plane that passes through eye level. A line in this plane through the picture plane is called the horizon line Centre of vision: Vertical sight lines and horizontal sight lines are always at right angles to each other. The point where they cross is the centre of vision (CV), the point towards infinity which is dead in line with the observers eye It is also called point of sight or principal vanishing point.
Point of Sight
Angle of Vision: One can see clearly only a certain portion. Angle subtended by a horizontal plane and vertical direction in which someone can visualize the things clearly is called angle of vision. Horizontally angle of vision is generally 60 degrees and vertical angle of vision is 45degree. If the object lies in this area observer can visualize it, otherwise it is difficult to observe or cannot observe. Angle of Vision
Vanishing Point and Vanishing Lines: The main feature of the perspective drawing is the vanishing of all parallel lines of the object from a point to an infinite distance. The apparent convergence of the parallel lines is called vanish. The imaginary points where all rays vanish are called vanishing points, and all imaginary lines which appear to be converging are called vanishing lines. These vanishing points lie at the horizon plane at eye level. Measure line: The intersection of the plan of an object with the picture plane gives true height at the point of intersection when measured in elevation. The part of an object not touching the picture plane, their perspective height is always less than true height.
Terms used in Perspective
TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE: Perspective drawings are of three types as per the number of vanishing points 1. One Point Perspective or Parallel Perspective 2. Two Point Perspective or Oblique or angular Perspective 3. Three-Point Perspective
1. One Point Perspective or Parallel Perspective: In One Point perspective there is only one vanishing point. In this type of perspective, two sets of lines, i.e., horizontal and vertical lines are parallel to the picture plane. The front section of the object shows the true height, width, and depth lines of the object converging towards one vanishing point. The perspective of vertical and horizontal lines parallel to the picture plane remain vertical and horizontal, whereas horizontal lines perpendicular to the picture plane converge to the centre of vision i.e., the Principal vanishing point.,
1. One Point Perspective or Parallel Perspective: This type of perspective is drawn to show street vistas or interior views of the room. One Point Perspective
2. Two Point Perspective or Oblique or angular Perspective: In a two-point perspective, the object is inclined to the picture plane. Only vertical lines remain parallel to the picture plane, whereas other sets of two lines are inclined to the picture plane; i.e. Vertical line remains vertical. There are two vanishing points one for each set of horizontal lines. All lines going towards the left of the plan converge towards the left vanishing point, and all lines going towards the right on the plan converge towards the right vanishing point.
2. Two Point Perspective or Oblique or angular Perspective: Two-point perspective is used to show low-height buildings and surroundings and the shape of engineering parts. This is a very common drawn perspective in showing the buildings, as one can see two faces of the building in a perspective drawing. Two Point Perspective
3. Three-Point Perspective: There are three vanishing points in the three-point perspective. All lines of one set converge to one vanishing point. This is used to make tall buildings or multi-storied views because the two-point perspective for tall buildings gives a distorted perspective view. Three Point Perspective
Principles Used in Perspective A two-point perspective is very useful for visualizing buildings. In drawing any perspective, the selection of different parameters should be appropriate. Otherwise, it will give a distorted view. The common causes of distortion are: The view of the perspective from a wrong station point Incorrect projection of the object upon the picture plane The projection of an uncommon station point by exceeding the angle of sight.
Method of drawing Two-Point perspective An object of 1m x 1m in plan and 1.25 m in height touching the picture plane. 1.Assume a line indicating Picture Plane (PP). The object is kept on the ground; hence, its plan is drawn on line PP. the object is making an angle of 30 degrees with the picture plane. 2.The position of the observer is S in the plan. He is at 135 cm from PP and 25 cm to the left of Central Visual Ray. These details can be seen in the plan. 3.Select any ground level. Object height is 1.25m and is kept on the ground. 4.Draw one horizontal line (HL) above ground level at a height equal to the observers eye level, i.e., 1.5 m.
5. From station point S, draw one line parallel to AD and another line parallel to AB. These lines cut PP at W1 and W2. Draw vertical lines from W1 and W2 downwards, which cuts HL at V1 and V2; these are the vanishing points where objects horizontal and vertical lines converge. 6. From S join all the points of an object up to PP and then project them vertically downward up to ground level (GL). 7. Point A touches the PP; hence, the true height and perspective height of this point will be the same. Transfer true height of the object of this line and converge them to vanishing points V1 and V2. These converging lines cut vertical projections of B and D at B1 B2, and D1 D2 (upper and lower points of the object). Hence sides A1 D1 A2 D2 and A1 B1 and A2 B2. Similarly converge D1 D2 and B1 B2 to get C1 C2.
Two Point Perspective
Multiple Choice Questions: 1) Perspective is:- I. Three-dimensional view of the object. II. Two-Dimensional View of the object. III. Top View of the object. IV. Side View of the object. 2) For bungalow Architects make:- V. One Point Perspective VI. Two Point Perspective VII. Three Point Perspective VIII.None 3) Eye Level Is at:- I. 2.3 2.8m II. 1.3-1.8m III. 0.9-1.2m IV. l2.5-2.9m
4) Station Point:- I. Observer Point II. Eye Point III. Spectator Point IV. All the Above 5) Ground Line is:- V. Observer Standing VI. Eye level VII. Vanishing Line VIII.Picture plane Answers: 1(a), 2 (b), 3(b), 4 (d), 5(a)
Answer the Following Questions: Q.1 What is Perspective? Q.2 How many types of Perspective view are there? Q.3 Draw two-point perspective drawing of small objects monuments, scale 1:50 a.Draw plan, elevation, eye level, picture plane and vanishing points b.Draw perspective view. Q.4 Draw two-point perspective drawing of small objects - steps, scale 1:50 c.Draw plan, elevation, eye level, picture plane and vanishing points d.Draw perspective view. Q.5 Draw two-point perspective drawing of small objects - pedestals scale 1:50 e.Draw plan, elevation, eye level, picture plane and vanishing points f.Draw perspective view.
Reference Books: 1. Shah. M.G. Kale, CM, Patki, S.Y., Building Drawing, McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 2. Walters V Nigel, Bromham John, Principles of Perspective, The University Press, Glasgow. 3. Mulik Shankar, Perspective and Sciography, Allied Publisher Limited. Bombay. 4. Deodhar S.V, Building Drawing, New Vrinda Publishing House Jalgaon. 5.Bhatt N.D., Engineering Drawing, India, 2011. Useful Links: www.youtube.com/@thomassheppard5369

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PERSPECTIVE DRAWING _Subject: Graphic Skills - II Module II: Introduction to Perspective Drawing

  • 1. Subject: Graphic Skills - II Module II: Introduction to Perspective Drawing Presented by Ar. Ishkiran Singh Amity School of Architecture Amity University Raipur, Chhattisgarh Date- 29-11-2024
  • 2. MODULE SPECIFICS: This module discussed the following aspects: What is a perspective Components of Perspective Types of Perspective Principles used in Perspective Method of drawing Two-point perspective Sample questions
  • 3. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES: You will gain basic information about making perspective drawings You will be able to understand the various components related to perspective drawing. You will be able to define one-point perspective, two-point perspective, and three-point perspective. You will be able to draw a two-point perspective.
  • 4. DEFINITION and RATIONALE: Perspective is a three-dimensional view of any object seen by an observer in a 2-D plane. It is a Latin word meaning look through; Greeks had developed a sense of observation regarding the vanishing of the object to a certain point. In the 15th century, this art was taken into consideration. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) of the Renaissance period mentioned the mathematical laws of perspective. It helps Architects and engineers to visualize any object, like a box, house, pillar, table, chair, etc., in 3-dimension representation and convey the true image of a proposed structure.
  • 5. COMPONENTS OF PERSPECTIVE: Picture Plane: It is a two-dimensional plane on which a three-dimensional building is drawn. It is an imaginary, transparent vertical plane erected between the object and the observer, very near to, or touching or cutting one corner of the object. To draw the perspective of a small object, the A plane can be behind the object. Position of Picture Plane
  • 6. 3-Dimensional view of of Picture Plane
  • 7. Distance of object from observer affects the size of perspective Distance of object from the station Point Size of the perspective of object 2D H/2 3D H/3 4D H/4 ND H/N The distance of the object from the observer affects the size of perspective drawing.
  • 8. Eye Point or Station Point: It is the position of the observer in the Plan. It is station point S or Spectator Point in the Plan, whereas in elevation it is eye level. It is a point from which an object is viewed. It is always in the front of the object as well as the picture plane. It can be in the center of the object or towards the right or left of the object. It should be chosen in such a way that it should give a real pictorial view. It is common to fix the station point at 3.5 times the height of the object from the nearest corner or the object. Too close to the station point will give a distorted view, and too far will give a very small perspective view.
  • 9. Ground Line: It is a straight horizontal line that represents ground level. This is a line of ground on which the observer is standing and visualizing. Eye Level: It is a horizontal line and plane at the eye level of the observer. it is represented by a straight line called the Horizon Line (HL). In general, we consider the human eye level at 1.6 1.8m from ground level.
  • 10. It is a line represents eye level and drawn at observer height above ground level. The objects convergence occurs at a point on this line. Different Planes
  • 11. Horizontal Plane: Horizontal plane is a plane that passes through eye level. A line in this plane through the picture plane is called the horizon line Centre of vision: Vertical sight lines and horizontal sight lines are always at right angles to each other. The point where they cross is the centre of vision (CV), the point towards infinity which is dead in line with the observers eye It is also called point of sight or principal vanishing point.
  • 13. Angle of Vision: One can see clearly only a certain portion. Angle subtended by a horizontal plane and vertical direction in which someone can visualize the things clearly is called angle of vision. Horizontally angle of vision is generally 60 degrees and vertical angle of vision is 45degree. If the object lies in this area observer can visualize it, otherwise it is difficult to observe or cannot observe. Angle of Vision
  • 14. Vanishing Point and Vanishing Lines: The main feature of the perspective drawing is the vanishing of all parallel lines of the object from a point to an infinite distance. The apparent convergence of the parallel lines is called vanish. The imaginary points where all rays vanish are called vanishing points, and all imaginary lines which appear to be converging are called vanishing lines. These vanishing points lie at the horizon plane at eye level. Measure line: The intersection of the plan of an object with the picture plane gives true height at the point of intersection when measured in elevation. The part of an object not touching the picture plane, their perspective height is always less than true height.
  • 15. Terms used in Perspective
  • 16. TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE: Perspective drawings are of three types as per the number of vanishing points 1. One Point Perspective or Parallel Perspective 2. Two Point Perspective or Oblique or angular Perspective 3. Three-Point Perspective
  • 17. 1. One Point Perspective or Parallel Perspective: In One Point perspective there is only one vanishing point. In this type of perspective, two sets of lines, i.e., horizontal and vertical lines are parallel to the picture plane. The front section of the object shows the true height, width, and depth lines of the object converging towards one vanishing point. The perspective of vertical and horizontal lines parallel to the picture plane remain vertical and horizontal, whereas horizontal lines perpendicular to the picture plane converge to the centre of vision i.e., the Principal vanishing point.,
  • 18. 1. One Point Perspective or Parallel Perspective: This type of perspective is drawn to show street vistas or interior views of the room. One Point Perspective
  • 19. 2. Two Point Perspective or Oblique or angular Perspective: In a two-point perspective, the object is inclined to the picture plane. Only vertical lines remain parallel to the picture plane, whereas other sets of two lines are inclined to the picture plane; i.e. Vertical line remains vertical. There are two vanishing points one for each set of horizontal lines. All lines going towards the left of the plan converge towards the left vanishing point, and all lines going towards the right on the plan converge towards the right vanishing point.
  • 20. 2. Two Point Perspective or Oblique or angular Perspective: Two-point perspective is used to show low-height buildings and surroundings and the shape of engineering parts. This is a very common drawn perspective in showing the buildings, as one can see two faces of the building in a perspective drawing. Two Point Perspective
  • 21. 3. Three-Point Perspective: There are three vanishing points in the three-point perspective. All lines of one set converge to one vanishing point. This is used to make tall buildings or multi-storied views because the two-point perspective for tall buildings gives a distorted perspective view. Three Point Perspective
  • 22. Principles Used in Perspective A two-point perspective is very useful for visualizing buildings. In drawing any perspective, the selection of different parameters should be appropriate. Otherwise, it will give a distorted view. The common causes of distortion are: The view of the perspective from a wrong station point Incorrect projection of the object upon the picture plane The projection of an uncommon station point by exceeding the angle of sight.
  • 23. Method of drawing Two-Point perspective An object of 1m x 1m in plan and 1.25 m in height touching the picture plane. 1.Assume a line indicating Picture Plane (PP). The object is kept on the ground; hence, its plan is drawn on line PP. the object is making an angle of 30 degrees with the picture plane. 2.The position of the observer is S in the plan. He is at 135 cm from PP and 25 cm to the left of Central Visual Ray. These details can be seen in the plan. 3.Select any ground level. Object height is 1.25m and is kept on the ground. 4.Draw one horizontal line (HL) above ground level at a height equal to the observers eye level, i.e., 1.5 m.
  • 24. 5. From station point S, draw one line parallel to AD and another line parallel to AB. These lines cut PP at W1 and W2. Draw vertical lines from W1 and W2 downwards, which cuts HL at V1 and V2; these are the vanishing points where objects horizontal and vertical lines converge. 6. From S join all the points of an object up to PP and then project them vertically downward up to ground level (GL). 7. Point A touches the PP; hence, the true height and perspective height of this point will be the same. Transfer true height of the object of this line and converge them to vanishing points V1 and V2. These converging lines cut vertical projections of B and D at B1 B2, and D1 D2 (upper and lower points of the object). Hence sides A1 D1 A2 D2 and A1 B1 and A2 B2. Similarly converge D1 D2 and B1 B2 to get C1 C2.
  • 26. Multiple Choice Questions: 1) Perspective is:- I. Three-dimensional view of the object. II. Two-Dimensional View of the object. III. Top View of the object. IV. Side View of the object. 2) For bungalow Architects make:- V. One Point Perspective VI. Two Point Perspective VII. Three Point Perspective VIII.None 3) Eye Level Is at:- I. 2.3 2.8m II. 1.3-1.8m III. 0.9-1.2m IV. l2.5-2.9m
  • 27. 4) Station Point:- I. Observer Point II. Eye Point III. Spectator Point IV. All the Above 5) Ground Line is:- V. Observer Standing VI. Eye level VII. Vanishing Line VIII.Picture plane Answers: 1(a), 2 (b), 3(b), 4 (d), 5(a)
  • 28. Answer the Following Questions: Q.1 What is Perspective? Q.2 How many types of Perspective view are there? Q.3 Draw two-point perspective drawing of small objects monuments, scale 1:50 a.Draw plan, elevation, eye level, picture plane and vanishing points b.Draw perspective view. Q.4 Draw two-point perspective drawing of small objects - steps, scale 1:50 c.Draw plan, elevation, eye level, picture plane and vanishing points d.Draw perspective view. Q.5 Draw two-point perspective drawing of small objects - pedestals scale 1:50 e.Draw plan, elevation, eye level, picture plane and vanishing points f.Draw perspective view.
  • 29. Reference Books: 1. Shah. M.G. Kale, CM, Patki, S.Y., Building Drawing, McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 2. Walters V Nigel, Bromham John, Principles of Perspective, The University Press, Glasgow. 3. Mulik Shankar, Perspective and Sciography, Allied Publisher Limited. Bombay. 4. Deodhar S.V, Building Drawing, New Vrinda Publishing House Jalgaon. 5.Bhatt N.D., Engineering Drawing, India, 2011. Useful Links: www.youtube.com/@thomassheppard5369