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Pertanian tugas 1, 25 peb 2013(2)

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Ddaanniieell Ssaannttaarraa
Ddaanniieell Ssaannttaarraa

Globalization of food markets presents both opportunities and challenges for smallholder farmers. While it increases competition and efficiency, it also exposes smallholders to price shocks, climate change impacts, and lack of rural infrastructure. When commodity prices rise sharply, it can threaten food security and increase poverty. Climate change also harms smallholders by making weather patterns less predictable and damaging crops. Smallholders are at a disadvantage compared to large industrial farms due to limited access to technology, information, financial services, and support organizations. Addressing these issues requires effective use of ICT to help smallholders participate more fully in agricultural value chains.

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Globalizing Food Markets and New Challenges for Smallholder Farmers Understanding and addressing global agriculture developments—both advantageous and not—are critical to improvingsmallholder livelihoods, in which ICT can play a major role. The continued increase in globalization and integration offood markets has intensified competition and efficacy in the agriculture sector, and has brought unique opportunitiesto include more smallholders into supply chains. Yet in the same vein, agriculture faces a range of modern and seriouschallenges, particularly in developing countries exposed to price shocks, climate change, and continued deficiencies in infrastructure in rural areas. When commodity prices rise quickly and steeply, they precipitate concerns about food insecurity, widespread poverty,and conflict—more so in countries that import high volumes of staple foods. Globalized food markets also increase therisk that some countries and many smallholders will remain marginalized from the expanding and more profitable agriculturalvalue chains (such as premium foods, which have seen an increase in demand due to an expanding middle class)that rely on technical sophistication to ensure speed, scale, and customization. Climate change has also played an acute role in keeping smallholders in the underbelly of value chains. Farmers canno longer rely on timeworn coping strategies when all of their familiar benchmarks for making agricultural decisions—the timing of rains for planting and pasture, the probability of frost, the duration of dry intervals that spare crops fromdisease—are increasingly less reliable. Severe and unexpected weather are shrinking already-limited yields and promotingmigration from rural areas and rural jobs. Weather-related events leave developing-country governments, who lack the resources and the private sector investment to provide risk management instruments, to cope with major crop failuresand the displaced victims only after the fact. It is in the context of globalizing agriculture where the need for information becomes most vivid. The smallholders, whostill provide a significant portion of the world’s food, need information to advance their work just as much as industrialscaleproducers. Comparing the two types of farmers—industrial and small-scale—exemplifies the latter’s disadvantages.Where wealthier industrial producers can use the Internet, phone, weather forecasts, other digital tools, and technologiesas simple as vehicles and infrastructure as basic as electricity to glean information on prices, markets, varieties, production techniques, services, storage, or processing, smallholders remain dependent primarily on word of mouth,previous experience, and local leadership. The smallholder disadvantage does not stop there. Financial and insurance services are often out of reach and poorlyunderstood. Key intermediaries like producer organizations and rural institutions (including local government) could helpalleviate the disadvantage, but in many places, the former are just emerging and the latter are inefficient and nontransparent.Both require a variety of technical and financial support to grow and become inclusive and effective. Many of thesechallenges and others can be addressed by using ICT effectively.
First Assignment Translate this text with your group discussion and answer these following questions based on your arguments and point of view of this text 1. Why some commodity prices rise quickly and steeply in the market, both in traditionalmarket and supermarket? 2. From your point of view, why climate change has also played an acute role in keeping smallholders in the underbelly of value chains? Answer this question based on the data and facts that you have.
GlobalisasiMakananPasardanTantanganBaruuntukPetani Plasma Memahamidanmengatasipertanian global perkembangan-baikmenguntungkandantidak- sangatpentinguntukmeningkatkanmatapencaharianpetanikecil, di mana ICT dapatmemainkanperanutama. Peningkatanterusglobalisasidanintegrasipasarmakanantelahmeningkatkanpersaingandan efektivitasdalamsektorpertanian, dantelahmembawapeluang yang unikuntukmemasukkanpetanilebihkerantaipasokan. Namundalam vena yang sama, pertanianmenghadapiberbagaitantangan modern danserius, khususnya di negara- negaraberkembangterkenaguncanganharga, perubahaniklim, dankekuranganterusinfrastruktur di daerahpedesaan. Ketikahargakomoditasmeningkatdengancepatdantajam, merekamemicukekhawatirantentangkerawananpangan, kemiskinan yang meluas, dankonflik-lebih di negara-negara yang mengimpor volume tinggimakananpokok. Pasarpangan global jugameningkatkanrisikobahwabeberapanegaradanpetanibanyakakantetapterpinggirkand ariperluasandanrantainilailebihmenguntungkanpertanian (sepertimakanan premium, yang telahmelihatpeningkatanpermintaankarenakelasmenengahberkembang) yang mengandalkankecanggihanteknisuntukmenjaminkecepatan, skala, dankustomisasi. Perubahaniklimjugatelahmemainkanperandalammenjagaakutpetanikecildalamperutdarir antainilai. Petanitidakbisalagimengandalkanstrategimengatasiausketikasemuatolokukur yang merekakenaluntukmembuatkeputusan- pertanianwaktuhujanuntukpenanamandanpadangrumput, kemungkinanes, durasi interval kering yang tanamancadangdaripenyakit-semakinkurangdapatdiandalkan. Cuacaburukdantakterdugamenyusuthasil yang sudahterbatasdanmempromosikanmigrasidaridaerahpedesaandanpekerjaanpedesaan. Cuacaterkaitperistiwameninggalkannegaraberkembangpemerintah, yang tidakmemilikisumberdayadaninvestasisektorswastauntukmenyediakaninstrumenmanaje menrisiko, untukmengatasikegagalanpanenbesardankorbanpengungsihanyasetelahfakta.
Iniadalahdalamkonteksglobalisasipertanian di manakebutuhanakaninformasimenjadi paling jelas. Para petani, yang masihmemberikanporsi yang signifikandarimakanandunia, memerlukaninformasiuntukmemajukanpekerjaanmerekasepertihalnyaprodusenskalaindu stri. Membandingkanduajenispetani-industridanskalakecil-contohkerugian yang terakhir. Dimanaprodusenindustri kaya bisamenggunakan internet, telepon, perkiraancuaca, alat- alat digital lainnya, danteknologi yang sederhanasepertikendaraandaninfrastrukturdasarsepertilistrikuntukmengumpulkaninfor masitentangharga, pasar, varietas, teknikproduksi, jasa, penyimpanan, ataupengolahan, petanitetaptergantungterutamadarimulutkemulut, pengalamansebelumnya, dankepemimpinanlokal. Kerugianpetanikeciltidakberhenti di situ. Jasakeuangandanasuransiseringkeluardarijangkauandankurangdipahami. Perantarakuncisepertiorganisasiprodusendanlembagapedesaan (termasukpemerintahdaerah) bisamembantumeringankanmerugikan, tetapi di banyaktempat, yang pertamahanyamunculdan yang terakhirtidakefisiendantidaktransparan. Keduanyamemerlukanberbagaidukunganteknisdankeuanganuntuktumbuhdanmenjadiink lusifdanefektif. Banyaktantanganinidanlainnyadapatdiatasidenganmenggunakan ICT secaraefektif. MenerjemahkanteksinidengandiskusikelompokAndadanmenjawabpertanyaan- pertanyaanberikutiniberdasarkanargumenAndadansudutpandangteksini 1. Mengapabeberapahargakomoditasmeningkatdengancepatdantajam di pasar, baik di pasartradisionaldan supermarket?
2. Dari sudutpandangAnda, mengapaperubahaniklimjugatelahmemainkanperandalammenjagaakutpetanikecil di perutrantainilai? Menjawabpertanyaaninididasarkanpada data danfakta yang Andamiliki.

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Pertanian tugas 1, 25 peb 2013(2)

  • 1. Globalizing Food Markets and New Challenges for Smallholder Farmers Understanding and addressing global agriculture developments—both advantageous and not—are critical to improvingsmallholder livelihoods, in which ICT can play a major role. The continued increase in globalization and integration offood markets has intensified competition and efficacy in the agriculture sector, and has brought unique opportunitiesto include more smallholders into supply chains. Yet in the same vein, agriculture faces a range of modern and seriouschallenges, particularly in developing countries exposed to price shocks, climate change, and continued deficiencies in infrastructure in rural areas. When commodity prices rise quickly and steeply, they precipitate concerns about food insecurity, widespread poverty,and conflict—more so in countries that import high volumes of staple foods. Globalized food markets also increase therisk that some countries and many smallholders will remain marginalized from the expanding and more profitable agriculturalvalue chains (such as premium foods, which have seen an increase in demand due to an expanding middle class)that rely on technical sophistication to ensure speed, scale, and customization. Climate change has also played an acute role in keeping smallholders in the underbelly of value chains. Farmers canno longer rely on timeworn coping strategies when all of their familiar benchmarks for making agricultural decisions—the timing of rains for planting and pasture, the probability of frost, the duration of dry intervals that spare crops fromdisease—are increasingly less reliable. Severe and unexpected weather are shrinking already-limited yields and promotingmigration from rural areas and rural jobs. Weather-related events leave developing-country governments, who lack the resources and the private sector investment to provide risk management instruments, to cope with major crop failuresand the displaced victims only after the fact. It is in the context of globalizing agriculture where the need for information becomes most vivid. The smallholders, whostill provide a significant portion of the world’s food, need information to advance their work just as much as industrialscaleproducers. Comparing the two types of farmers—industrial and small-scale—exemplifies the latter’s disadvantages.Where wealthier industrial producers can use the Internet, phone, weather forecasts, other digital tools, and technologiesas simple as vehicles and infrastructure as basic as electricity to glean information on prices, markets, varieties, production techniques, services, storage, or processing, smallholders remain dependent primarily on word of mouth,previous experience, and local leadership. The smallholder disadvantage does not stop there. Financial and insurance services are often out of reach and poorlyunderstood. Key intermediaries like producer organizations and rural institutions (including local government) could helpalleviate the disadvantage, but in many places, the former are just emerging and the latter are inefficient and nontransparent.Both require a variety of technical and financial support to grow and become inclusive and effective. Many of thesechallenges and others can be addressed by using ICT effectively.
  • 2. First Assignment Translate this text with your group discussion and answer these following questions based on your arguments and point of view of this text 1. Why some commodity prices rise quickly and steeply in the market, both in traditionalmarket and supermarket? 2. From your point of view, why climate change has also played an acute role in keeping smallholders in the underbelly of value chains? Answer this question based on the data and facts that you have.
  • 3. GlobalisasiMakananPasardanTantanganBaruuntukPetani Plasma Memahamidanmengatasipertanian global perkembangan-baikmenguntungkandantidak- sangatpentinguntukmeningkatkanmatapencaharianpetanikecil, di mana ICT dapatmemainkanperanutama. Peningkatanterusglobalisasidanintegrasipasarmakanantelahmeningkatkanpersaingandan efektivitasdalamsektorpertanian, dantelahmembawapeluang yang unikuntukmemasukkanpetanilebihkerantaipasokan. Namundalam vena yang sama, pertanianmenghadapiberbagaitantangan modern danserius, khususnya di negara- negaraberkembangterkenaguncanganharga, perubahaniklim, dankekuranganterusinfrastruktur di daerahpedesaan. Ketikahargakomoditasmeningkatdengancepatdantajam, merekamemicukekhawatirantentangkerawananpangan, kemiskinan yang meluas, dankonflik-lebih di negara-negara yang mengimpor volume tinggimakananpokok. Pasarpangan global jugameningkatkanrisikobahwabeberapanegaradanpetanibanyakakantetapterpinggirkand ariperluasandanrantainilailebihmenguntungkanpertanian (sepertimakanan premium, yang telahmelihatpeningkatanpermintaankarenakelasmenengahberkembang) yang mengandalkankecanggihanteknisuntukmenjaminkecepatan, skala, dankustomisasi. Perubahaniklimjugatelahmemainkanperandalammenjagaakutpetanikecildalamperutdarir antainilai. Petanitidakbisalagimengandalkanstrategimengatasiausketikasemuatolokukur yang merekakenaluntukmembuatkeputusan- pertanianwaktuhujanuntukpenanamandanpadangrumput, kemungkinanes, durasi interval kering yang tanamancadangdaripenyakit-semakinkurangdapatdiandalkan. Cuacaburukdantakterdugamenyusuthasil yang sudahterbatasdanmempromosikanmigrasidaridaerahpedesaandanpekerjaanpedesaan. Cuacaterkaitperistiwameninggalkannegaraberkembangpemerintah, yang tidakmemilikisumberdayadaninvestasisektorswastauntukmenyediakaninstrumenmanaje menrisiko, untukmengatasikegagalanpanenbesardankorbanpengungsihanyasetelahfakta.
  • 4. Iniadalahdalamkonteksglobalisasipertanian di manakebutuhanakaninformasimenjadi paling jelas. Para petani, yang masihmemberikanporsi yang signifikandarimakanandunia, memerlukaninformasiuntukmemajukanpekerjaanmerekasepertihalnyaprodusenskalaindu stri. Membandingkanduajenispetani-industridanskalakecil-contohkerugian yang terakhir. Dimanaprodusenindustri kaya bisamenggunakan internet, telepon, perkiraancuaca, alat- alat digital lainnya, danteknologi yang sederhanasepertikendaraandaninfrastrukturdasarsepertilistrikuntukmengumpulkaninfor masitentangharga, pasar, varietas, teknikproduksi, jasa, penyimpanan, ataupengolahan, petanitetaptergantungterutamadarimulutkemulut, pengalamansebelumnya, dankepemimpinanlokal. Kerugianpetanikeciltidakberhenti di situ. Jasakeuangandanasuransiseringkeluardarijangkauandankurangdipahami. Perantarakuncisepertiorganisasiprodusendanlembagapedesaan (termasukpemerintahdaerah) bisamembantumeringankanmerugikan, tetapi di banyaktempat, yang pertamahanyamunculdan yang terakhirtidakefisiendantidaktransparan. Keduanyamemerlukanberbagaidukunganteknisdankeuanganuntuktumbuhdanmenjadiink lusifdanefektif. Banyaktantanganinidanlainnyadapatdiatasidenganmenggunakan ICT secaraefektif. MenerjemahkanteksinidengandiskusikelompokAndadanmenjawabpertanyaan- pertanyaanberikutiniberdasarkanargumenAndadansudutpandangteksini 1. Mengapabeberapahargakomoditasmeningkatdengancepatdantajam di pasar, baik di pasartradisionaldan supermarket?
  • 5. 2. Dari sudutpandangAnda, mengapaperubahaniklimjugatelahmemainkanperandalammenjagaakutpetanikecil di perutrantainilai? Menjawabpertanyaaninididasarkanpada data danfakta yang Andamiliki.