Pestalozzi method
- 1. Education after middle age
- 2. Discovering the telescopeSpectacle makers Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar in Netherlands by the year of 1608 build the first telescopes.Galileo greatly improved upon these designs after, but were refracting telescopes working as binocular do today
- 3. Improving the telescopereflecting telescopes. In 1668, Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope, with a mirror instead of lens as objective.With a mirror the reduction of spherical aberration was reduced and they presented chromatic aberration.The size of mirror could be increased with no problems.
- 4. Discovering the microscopeNobody knows who build the first optical microscope but may be two eyeglass makers, Hans Lippershey (who also developed an telescope) and Hans Janssen in Netherlands. It was by the year of 1590.Now the Man could see a world of little dimensions life
- 5. The practical steamThomas Newcomen in 1712 invented the first practical device to harness the power of steam to produce mechanical work.
- 6. Improving the steam motorJames watt improved the Newcomen motor with a separated chamber to condense the steam which let the motor with steam on both sites of the piston.The first Watt engines start to run by the year 1776.Watt also invented the throttle valve to control the power of the engine, and a centrifugal governor.
- 7. The steam locomotiveTrevithick and William Murdoch brought high pressure to the Watt engine.The first locomotive was run by 1804.The world was changing.
- 8. Textile become mechanicalLewis Paul may have begun work on designing a spinning machine for cotton as early as 1729, but probably did not make practical progress until after 1732.In 1748, Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn separately obtained patents for carding machines
- 9. jean-jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)
- 10. The Social Contract of Rousseau (1762)In this work Rousseau argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate.only the people, in the form of the sovereign, have that all powerful right.
- 11. Jean-Jacques Rousseaus political workIn this work A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts Rousseau wrote that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of virtue and morality.In another of his work The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality reinforces the idea that that human beings are basically good by nature, but were corrupted by the complex historical events that resulted in present day civil society
- 12. The book mileJean-Jacques Rousseau wrote a novel called mile where he describes a system of education that would enable the natural man that Rousseau identifies in The Social Contract.mile describes how an ideal citizen might be educated.The goal of education should be to cultivate our natural tendencies.
- 13. The book mile (2)the pupils character should be developed to have a healthy sense of self-worth and morality.Learning important moral lessons from his infancy, thorough childhood, and into early adulthood.Education relies on the tutors constant supervision.The tutor must teach lessons about humility, chastity, and honesty.Education includes a component to regard women and sexuality.
- 14. The book mile (3)Education includes the controversial discussion of natural religion (categorically opposed to orthodox Christian views, which claimed that Christianity is the one true religion).
- 15. johann heinrich pestalozzi (1746 - 1827)
- 16. The first yearsJohann Heinrich Pestalozzi was born on 12 January 1746 in Z端rich, Switzerland.His father died when he was 4 years old.Therefore he passed for great difficulties, together with the mother and three brothers.This fact consolidate its personality with predominantly humanist component and let him be always worried about the destination of the poor ones
- 17. The first bookIn 1801 (two years after the French Revolution) he wrote a book How Gertrude Teaches Her Children in which he describes his ideas on education developed from the ones described by Rousseau.
- 18. Pestalozzi principlesPestalozzi employed the following principles in teaching:Begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract conceptsBegin with the immediate environment before dealing with what is distant and remotebegin with easy exercises or activities before introducing complex onesAlways proceed gradually, cumulatively, and slowly
- 19. William H. Kilpatrick in his introduction to Heinrich PestalozziTo get rid of the 'verbosity' of meaningless words Pestalozzi developed his doctrine of Anschauung - direct concrete observation, often inadequately called 'sense perception' or 'object lessons'. No word was to be used for any purpose until adequate Anschauung had preceded. The thing or distinction must be felt or observed in the concrete. Pestalozzi's followers developed various sayings from this: from the known to the unknown, from the simple to the complex, from the concrete to the abstract.
- 20. Some related dataJean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746 - 1827)Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821)French Revolution 1789William James (1842 -1910)Th辿odule Ribot (1839 1916)Sigmund Freud (1856 1939)
- 21. Referenceshttp://www.iep.utm.edu/rousseau/#SH5bhttp://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-rous.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile:_or,_On_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Paul http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcomen_steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contracthttp://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/pestalozzi.htmlhttp://www.pestalozziworld.com/pestalozzi/pestalozzi2.htmlWilliam H. Kilpatrick in his introduction to Heinrich Pestalozzi (1951) The Education of Man - Aphorisms, New York: Philosophical Library