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Pharmaceutics

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EmanSherra

Microencapsulation has applications in several industries: 1) In pharmaceuticals, it allows for controlled drug delivery in areas like gene therapy, vaccines, and insulin delivery. 2) In catalysis, microencapsulation enables safe handling and reuse of toxic transition metals. 3) In energy generation, hollow plastic microspheres loaded with deuterium use laser compression to achieve nuclear fusion and release energy.

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Pharmaceutics: Microencapsulation technique is used in controlled/sustained drug delivery. This drug delivery system may be used in gene therapy, vaccines for treating AIDS, tumors, cancer and diabetes. Protein such as insulin, growth hormone and erythropoietin are delivered in a corrective gene sequence in the form of plasmid DNA123. Catalysis: Transition metal based catalytic processes are important in pharmaceutical industries. However many of these metals are toxic, making the process hazardous. Microencapsulation enables safe handling, easy recovery, reuse and disposal at cheap cost. Polyurea microcapsules are insoluble in aqueous and organic solvents, and resistant towards degeneration, therefore they're used for
the encapsulation of different catalysts such as palladium, acetate and osmium tetroxide. Energy Generation: Hollow plastic microspheres loaded with gaseous deuterium are used to obtain electrical energy from nuclear fusion. The capsules are multilayered. 1-Inner layer: Polystyrene shell compressing deuterium. 3mm thick. 2-Middle layer: Polyvnyl alcohol that prevents the diffusion of deuterium out of the capsule. 3mm thick 3-Outer layer: Highly crosslinked polymer made from 2-butene. 50mm thick. In the fusion experiments, energy from high powered laser beams is absorbed by the outer shell. The outer shell burns off, and the reaction is accelerated to the rest of the shell inward,
compressing and heating the deuterium inside. This results in high densities and temperature in the center of the capsule leading to the fusion of deuterium to give tritium, helium and other particles, releasing an enormous amount of energy. Defence: Self-healing polymers is one of the most important defence applications of microencapsulation. They provide long-lived structural materials and store the healing agent during quiescent states and also provide the mechanical trigger for the self-healing process when damage occurs in the host material. To provide long shelf life the capsules must be impervious to leakage and diffusion of the encapsulated healing agent for considerable time. The addition of these microcapsules to an epoxy matrix also provides a unique toughening mechanism for the composite system. Such microcapsules have tremendous application in
aerospace area for making self-repairable spacecrafts. Such self-healing spacecrafts open up the possibility of longer duration missions by increasing the lifetime of a spacecraft. Microencapsulation is also used for designing specialized fabrics for military personnel, for their enhanced chemical protection against chemical warfare. Agriculture: Insect pheromones may serve as an alternative to conventional hard pesticides, such as sexattractant pheromones that reduce populations by disrupting the insect's mating process by hiding the pheromone plume released by its female mate.Polymer microcapsules, polyurea, gelatin and gum arabic are used as delivery vehicles by spraying the capsule dispersion. They also protect the pheromone from oxidation and light during storage and release.
Food Industry: Microencapsulation enables food companies to incorporate minerals, vitamins, flavours and essential oils. It can also simplify the food manufacturing process by converting liquids into solid powder which decreases the cost and equipment power. It also helps fragile and sensitive materials by stabilizing their shelf life.

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Pharmaceutics

  • 1. Pharmaceutics: Microencapsulation technique is used in controlled/sustained drug delivery. This drug delivery system may be used in gene therapy, vaccines for treating AIDS, tumors, cancer and diabetes. Protein such as insulin, growth hormone and erythropoietin are delivered in a corrective gene sequence in the form of plasmid DNA123. Catalysis: Transition metal based catalytic processes are important in pharmaceutical industries. However many of these metals are toxic, making the process hazardous. Microencapsulation enables safe handling, easy recovery, reuse and disposal at cheap cost. Polyurea microcapsules are insoluble in aqueous and organic solvents, and resistant towards degeneration, therefore they're used for
  • 2. the encapsulation of different catalysts such as palladium, acetate and osmium tetroxide. Energy Generation: Hollow plastic microspheres loaded with gaseous deuterium are used to obtain electrical energy from nuclear fusion. The capsules are multilayered. 1-Inner layer: Polystyrene shell compressing deuterium. 3mm thick. 2-Middle layer: Polyvnyl alcohol that prevents the diffusion of deuterium out of the capsule. 3mm thick 3-Outer layer: Highly crosslinked polymer made from 2-butene. 50mm thick. In the fusion experiments, energy from high powered laser beams is absorbed by the outer shell. The outer shell burns off, and the reaction is accelerated to the rest of the shell inward,
  • 3. compressing and heating the deuterium inside. This results in high densities and temperature in the center of the capsule leading to the fusion of deuterium to give tritium, helium and other particles, releasing an enormous amount of energy. Defence: Self-healing polymers is one of the most important defence applications of microencapsulation. They provide long-lived structural materials and store the healing agent during quiescent states and also provide the mechanical trigger for the self-healing process when damage occurs in the host material. To provide long shelf life the capsules must be impervious to leakage and diffusion of the encapsulated healing agent for considerable time. The addition of these microcapsules to an epoxy matrix also provides a unique toughening mechanism for the composite system. Such microcapsules have tremendous application in
  • 4. aerospace area for making self-repairable spacecrafts. Such self-healing spacecrafts open up the possibility of longer duration missions by increasing the lifetime of a spacecraft. Microencapsulation is also used for designing specialized fabrics for military personnel, for their enhanced chemical protection against chemical warfare. Agriculture: Insect pheromones may serve as an alternative to conventional hard pesticides, such as sexattractant pheromones that reduce populations by disrupting the insect's mating process by hiding the pheromone plume released by its female mate.Polymer microcapsules, polyurea, gelatin and gum arabic are used as delivery vehicles by spraying the capsule dispersion. They also protect the pheromone from oxidation and light during storage and release.
  • 5. Food Industry: Microencapsulation enables food companies to incorporate minerals, vitamins, flavours and essential oils. It can also simplify the food manufacturing process by converting liquids into solid powder which decreases the cost and equipment power. It also helps fragile and sensitive materials by stabilizing their shelf life.