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RELIGION
  AND
MORALITY
THE ARGUMENT FROM MORAL NORMS
                     (FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD)



P1. Moral norms exist and have authority.

P2. If they have authority, there must be a
reliable motive for human beings to be moral.

P3. No such motive could exist, unless there
was an omniscient, omnipresent, wholly just
agent to attach sanctions to behavior under
moral norms.

C1. Therefore God exists
IS MORALITY POSSIBLE WITHOUT RELIGION?



"If there is no order to the universe, and
therefore some being, some force that
ordered it, then who determines what is
right or wrong? There is nothing immoral if
there's nothing in charge.
                     - Reverend Al Sharpton


                                    Does anyone truly believe that our ancestors
                                    lacked social norms before they had
                                    religion? Did they never assist others in
                                    need or complain about an unfair deal?
                                                                  - Frans de Waal
IS MORALITY POSSIBLE WITHOUT GOD?
                    SEVERAL DISTINCT QUESTIONS



Its important here to separate:

 Moral sentiments - empathy, compassion, altruism, love, shame
 Moral judgments of good/bad right/wrong
 Moral motivation - the motivation to do what is good or right


1.   Are atheists actually less, more, or equally as moral as theists?
2.   What can serve as the source of moral value?
     (Gods word? Social norms? Instincts? Empathy? Rationality?)
3.   Is religion conceptually or socially better placed to encourage moral
     behavior than non-religion?
4.   What counts as a proper motivation for performing a moral action?
     (Because you want to? Because you recognize that you have to? Because
     its in your interests - e.g. you want heavenly rewards?)
THE EUTHYPHRO DILEMMA




Is what is pious loved by commanded by Godis pious, or is morally
   "Is the morally good the gods because it because it
good, or is itbecause it is loved by the gods?
   is it pious morally good because it is commanded by God?
                                             - Plato, Euthyphro, 10A

OPTION 1:                              OPTION 2:
God commands what is morally           Gods commandment is what makes
good because it is morally good        something morally good

FATAL FLAW:                            FATAL FLAW:
God has nothing to do with whether     Goodness is an arbitrary product of
something is or is not good. God is    Gods will. God is not the basis of
not the basis of morality.             morality.
MORALITY AND EVOLUTION



Genuine altruism and morality in other species?
 chimpanzees and bonobos will voluntarily open a
  door to offer a companion access to food, even if
  they lose part of it in the process.
 dominant monkeys (those who have least to fear)
  are the most generous.
 when Peonys (an old Chimpanzee) arthritis is
  flaring up, she has trouble walking and climbing,
  but other females help her out
 chimpanzees commonly console distressed
  parties, hugging and kissing them
 primates will happily perform a task for cucumber
  slices until they see others getting grapes, which
  taste so much better.
                                                       - Frans de Waal
MORALITY AND MORAL EMOTIONS
                                               - Frans de Waal




 Our moral sentiments and intuitions
  come to us from our evolutionary
  background as social animals.

 Morality starts from these sentiments,
  but strives beyond them for logical
  coherence and principled explanations.
HOW DOES RELIGION FIT INTO THIS?


                                                                              - Frans de Waal

Religion gives us a supporting narrative for morality  its an attempt to explain,
justify, and motivate us to do and be good.

                                                   E x a m p l e o f a l t e r n a t ive
Example of religious application                  philosophical application

Q: How do we know stealing is                 Q: How do we know stealing is
wrong? (explanation)                          wrong? (explanation)
A: God, who knows everything, reveals         A: We have good arguments that justify
this to us.                                   our belief that this is so.

Q: Why should we not steal?                   Q: Why should we not steal?
(motivation)                                  (motivation)
A: God watches us and judges us on            A: It would make us hypocrites, since
our actions. If we steal, we will suffer.     we do not want others to steal from us.
If we refrain, we will be rewarded.           And we dont want to be hypocrites
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Phil21 wk7 religion & morality

  • 2. THE ARGUMENT FROM MORAL NORMS (FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD) P1. Moral norms exist and have authority. P2. If they have authority, there must be a reliable motive for human beings to be moral. P3. No such motive could exist, unless there was an omniscient, omnipresent, wholly just agent to attach sanctions to behavior under moral norms. C1. Therefore God exists
  • 3. IS MORALITY POSSIBLE WITHOUT RELIGION? "If there is no order to the universe, and therefore some being, some force that ordered it, then who determines what is right or wrong? There is nothing immoral if there's nothing in charge. - Reverend Al Sharpton Does anyone truly believe that our ancestors lacked social norms before they had religion? Did they never assist others in need or complain about an unfair deal? - Frans de Waal
  • 4. IS MORALITY POSSIBLE WITHOUT GOD? SEVERAL DISTINCT QUESTIONS Its important here to separate: Moral sentiments - empathy, compassion, altruism, love, shame Moral judgments of good/bad right/wrong Moral motivation - the motivation to do what is good or right 1. Are atheists actually less, more, or equally as moral as theists? 2. What can serve as the source of moral value? (Gods word? Social norms? Instincts? Empathy? Rationality?) 3. Is religion conceptually or socially better placed to encourage moral behavior than non-religion? 4. What counts as a proper motivation for performing a moral action? (Because you want to? Because you recognize that you have to? Because its in your interests - e.g. you want heavenly rewards?)
  • 5. THE EUTHYPHRO DILEMMA Is what is pious loved by commanded by Godis pious, or is morally "Is the morally good the gods because it because it good, or is itbecause it is loved by the gods? is it pious morally good because it is commanded by God? - Plato, Euthyphro, 10A OPTION 1: OPTION 2: God commands what is morally Gods commandment is what makes good because it is morally good something morally good FATAL FLAW: FATAL FLAW: God has nothing to do with whether Goodness is an arbitrary product of something is or is not good. God is Gods will. God is not the basis of not the basis of morality. morality.
  • 6. MORALITY AND EVOLUTION Genuine altruism and morality in other species? chimpanzees and bonobos will voluntarily open a door to offer a companion access to food, even if they lose part of it in the process. dominant monkeys (those who have least to fear) are the most generous. when Peonys (an old Chimpanzee) arthritis is flaring up, she has trouble walking and climbing, but other females help her out chimpanzees commonly console distressed parties, hugging and kissing them primates will happily perform a task for cucumber slices until they see others getting grapes, which taste so much better. - Frans de Waal
  • 7. MORALITY AND MORAL EMOTIONS - Frans de Waal Our moral sentiments and intuitions come to us from our evolutionary background as social animals. Morality starts from these sentiments, but strives beyond them for logical coherence and principled explanations.
  • 8. HOW DOES RELIGION FIT INTO THIS? - Frans de Waal Religion gives us a supporting narrative for morality its an attempt to explain, justify, and motivate us to do and be good. E x a m p l e o f a l t e r n a t ive Example of religious application philosophical application Q: How do we know stealing is Q: How do we know stealing is wrong? (explanation) wrong? (explanation) A: God, who knows everything, reveals A: We have good arguments that justify this to us. our belief that this is so. Q: Why should we not steal? Q: Why should we not steal? (motivation) (motivation) A: God watches us and judges us on A: It would make us hypocrites, since our actions. If we steal, we will suffer. we do not want others to steal from us. If we refrain, we will be rewarded. And we dont want to be hypocrites