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Philosophy powerpoint presentation 1 fall 2012(1)

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Jay Raskin

This document provides an overview of the agenda and topics for the first week of a Philosophy 2010 course taught by Jay Raskin, Ph.D. The week will include introductions, a discussion on what philosophy is, a review of the syllabus, a history of philosophy before Socrates including early civilizations and mythos vs logos, and an introduction to pre-Socratic philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagoras.

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InstructorInstructor Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in Philosophy,Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in Philosophy, University of South Florida, 1997University of South Florida, 1997 Welcome to Philosophy 2010Welcome to Philosophy 2010 Lady Philosophy Offering Boethius Wings
WEEK ONE AGENDAWEEK ONE AGENDA • What is PhilosophyWhat is Philosophy?? • SyllabusSyllabus • A little about meA little about me • A little about youA little about you • BreakBreak • Discussion: What MightDiscussion: What Might Philosophy Be?Philosophy Be? • Philosophy before PhilosophyPhilosophy before Philosophy • BreakBreak • Shamans and Ancient WisdomsShamans and Ancient Wisdoms • Early CivilizationsEarly Civilizations • Mythos Vs LogosMythos Vs Logos • Introducing the Greek Pre-Introducing the Greek Pre- SocraticsSocratics Philosophers Patricia and Paul Ch
Philosophy In Films Which deals with Philosophical Questions? Which Questions? • Queen Christina (1933) • Agora (2009) • When Nietzsche Wept (2007)
Philosophical Issues in Some Films • Flash Gordon (1936) – The Nature of the World – The Future – How unique is life on Earth – Science – Good and Evil • Swing Time (1936) – Our knowledge – How to learn – Aesthetics • Art – Good and Bad – Dance • When Nietzsche Wept (2007) – Value of living – Eternal Return/repetition – Our duties to our selves and others – Breuer/Lou Salome/Fredrick Nietzsche - Psychology/Human Relationships
Philosophy powerpoint presentation 1 fall 2012(1)
What is Philosophy? • Philosophy: Philosophy World
Philosophy and SelfPhilosophy and Self You Me World Philosophy
Go Over Syllabus •
IntroductionsIntroductions • Me, Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in PhilosophyMe, Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in Philosophy – I was born blah, blah, blah, blah, blahI was born blah, blah, blah, blah, blah – And then I blah, blah, blah, blah, blahAnd then I blah, blah, blah, blah, blah – And I also, blah, blah, blah etc.And I also, blah, blah, blah etc. – Which reminds me,Which reminds me, I blah, blah, blah, blahI blah, blah, blah, blah
Introduce YourselfIntroduce Yourself • Who are you?Who are you? – NameName – MajorMajor – Why are you taking this course?Why are you taking this course? – Something interesting about yourself.Something interesting about yourself. – What philosophy or what aboutWhat philosophy or what about philosophy would you like the course to cover.philosophy would you like the course to cover.
BreakBreak See you in 10 minutesSee you in 10 minutes
Philosophy • Something to do with arguments – Premises and conclusions • X+Y and therefore Z • Movies – Some Like it Hot (Wilder, 1959) • Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis give arguments on why their mates shouldn’t marry them. – Maltese Falcon (Huston, 1941) • Humphrey Bogart tells Mary Astor his reasons for turning her in. – Conversations with Other Women (Canosa, 2005) • Helena Bonham Carter and Aaron Eckhart make a possibly consequential decision without giving any arguments.
Geology and EvolutionGeology and Evolution TimelinesTimelines • Evolutionary Species and Geological TimelineEvolutionary Species and Geological Timeline • Dating the Earth. Timeline of Timeline DevelopDating the Earth. Timeline of Timeline Develop
Put In Chronological OrderPut In Chronological Order InventionInvention • Bow & arrowBow & arrow • Greek Philosophical WritingsGreek Philosophical Writings • Non-Greek Mythological WritingsNon-Greek Mythological Writings • Greek Mythological WritingsGreek Mythological Writings • Growing cornGrowing corn • DVDDVD • Human-made FireHuman-made Fire • GlassGlass • Human SpeechHuman Speech • PaintingPainting • PlowPlow • Stone toolsStone tools • WheelWheel • Wind Musical InstrumentsWind Musical Instruments • http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htmhttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htm • http://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htmhttp://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htm
Chronological OrderChronological Order Invention – Years AgoInvention – Years Ago • Stone tools 2,600,000Stone tools 2,600,000 • Human-made Fire 500,000Human-made Fire 500,000 • Human Speech 100,000Human Speech 100,000 • Bow & arrow 50,000Bow & arrow 50,000 • Wind Musical Instruments 40,000Wind Musical Instruments 40,000 • Painting 30,000Painting 30,000 • Growing corn 7,000 (Farming – 10,000 years ago)Growing corn 7,000 (Farming – 10,000 years ago) • Plow 6,500Plow 6,500 • Wheel 5,500Wheel 5,500 • First Mythological Writings 4,200First Mythological Writings 4,200 • Glass 3,500Glass 3,500 • Greek Mythological Writings 2,700Greek Mythological Writings 2,700 • Greek Philosophy 2,600Greek Philosophy 2,600 • First DVD 25First DVD 25 • http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htmhttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htm • http://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htmhttp://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htm
Cave PaintingsCave Paintings • Pech-Merle CavesPech-Merle Caves – Discovered 1922, 25,000-10,000 BCEDiscovered 1922, 25,000-10,000 BCE – http://www.quercy.net/pechmerle/http://www.quercy.net/pechmerle/
Cave PaintingsCave Paintings • Lascaux:Lascaux: – Discovered 1940, 15,000 BCEDiscovered 1940, 15,000 BCE http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/ehttp://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/e
Venus of WillendorfVenus of Willendorf • figurine 24,000-22,000 BCEfigurine 24,000-22,000 BCE • http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfdihttp://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfdis
Earliest Musical Instrument - Flutes • 35,000-40,000 B.C.E. • Found May, 2009, in cave in Germany – One of the flutes is made of a vulture wing bone and is about a foot long. The other flutes were made out of mammoth tusks. Venus Figurine (Venus of S
Rock PaintingRock Painting • India Rock Paintings circa 10,000 BCEIndia Rock Paintings circa 10,000 BCE – BHIMBETKABHIMBETKA
Periods in Religious HistoryPeriods in Religious History • Hunting and GatheringHunting and Gathering – Pre-10,000 B.C.E.Pre-10,000 B.C.E. – Shamans – priest/witchdoctors with magicShamans – priest/witchdoctors with magic cures and correct rules for behaviorcures and correct rules for behavior – Association with animals and animal deities.Association with animals and animal deities.
Saharan Rock PaintingSaharan Rock Painting • 4000 BCE4000 BCE Rock PaintingRock Painting
ART HISTORY RESOURCEART HISTORY RESOURCE • http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHprehistoric.htmlhttp://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHprehistoric.html • Megalithic Structures:Megalithic Structures: – StonehengeStonehenge – Many other placesMany other places – Example: Dolmens in HollaExample: Dolmens in Hollan – Many othersMany others
Mesopotamian MythosMesopotamian Mythos Earliest recorded talesEarliest recorded tales
WritingWriting • CuneiformCuneiform
MusicMusic • The Golden Lyre of UrThe Golden Lyre of Ur
GameGame • Play a game played 5000 years ago.Play a game played 5000 years ago.
KingsKings • Images of Kings AkhadianImages of Kings Akhadian 2250 BCE, R.2250 BCE, R.
Gates of Sargon IIGates of Sargon II • Now in British MuseumNow in British Museum
Warriors and BattlesWarriors and Battles Victory Stele of Naram-Sin 2230Victory Stele of Naram-Sin 2230
ZiggaratsZiggarats • ZiggaratsZiggarats
Law Code of HammurabiLaw Code of Hammurabi • Laws of Hammurabi, 1750 BCELaws of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE
LiteratureLiterature • The First Epic 2700-2500 BCEThe First Epic 2700-2500 BCE GilgameshGilgamesh • Utnapishtim and NoahUtnapishtim and Noah • ComparisonsComparisons • Creation Story from 1900 BCECreation Story from 1900 BCE
Mesopotamian MythologyMesopotamian Mythology The Goddesses Inanna and IshtarThe Goddesses Inanna and Ishtar • PriestessPriestess EnheduanaEnheduana • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna • http://inanna.virtualave.net/inanna.htmlhttp://inanna.virtualave.net/inanna.html • http://www.mindspring.com/~mysticgryphohttp://www.mindspring.com/~mysticgrypho n/descent.htmn/descent.htm
Logos Vs MythosLogos Vs Mythos • Movies:Movies: – Clash of the Titans (Davis, 1981)Clash of the Titans (Davis, 1981) – Hercules Unchained (Francisci, 1960)Hercules Unchained (Francisci, 1960) – Electra (Irene Papas, Cacoyannis, 1962)Electra (Irene Papas, Cacoyannis, 1962)
GreeceGreece
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9G2-bN1Br4
Greek Mythos: Gods of MountGreek Mythos: Gods of Mount Olympus from <700 B.C.E.Olympus from <700 B.C.E. Gods Mount Olympus: Tallest Mountain in Greece
Presocratics:Presocratics: • Mythos – stories involving Gods andMythos – stories involving Gods and heroes.heroes. • Logos – discourse on a subject. Exam:Logos – discourse on a subject. Exam: – Biology (discouse on bios)Biology (discouse on bios) – Sociology (discourse on society)Sociology (discourse on society) – Psychology (discourse on psyche)Psychology (discourse on psyche)
PhilosophyPhilosophy • Philos – Lover ofPhilos – Lover of • Sophia – WisdomSophia – Wisdom Philosophy – (Philos – lover of ) (Sophia –Philosophy – (Philos – lover of ) (Sophia – Wisdom)Wisdom)
Most Knowledge of Presocratics comes from theMost Knowledge of Presocratics comes from the Post Socratic Philosopher Aristotle (384-322Post Socratic Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)B.C.E.) Aristotle teaching Alexander, from movie Alexander (Stone, 2005) 19th Century? Drawing of Alexander teaching Aristotle
Book wordsBook words • Atheism – not believing in Gods (pg. 7)Atheism – not believing in Gods (pg. 7) • Cosmology – theories on nature of the world (pg. 7)Cosmology – theories on nature of the world (pg. 7) • Cosmogony – theories on how world began (pg. 7)Cosmogony – theories on how world began (pg. 7) • Conceptual analysis (pg. 8) the main tool of philosophy does notConceptual analysis (pg. 8) the main tool of philosophy does not involve controlled experiments. It may involve data collection andinvolve controlled experiments. It may involve data collection and observation – Aristotle’s methodologyobservation – Aristotle’s methodology • Parts of Philosophy (pg. 8) [19Parts of Philosophy (pg. 8) [19thth century division]century division] – Ontology (theory of being)Ontology (theory of being) – Epistemology (theory of knowledge)Epistemology (theory of knowledge) – Axiology (theory of value)Axiology (theory of value) – Ethics or Moral PhilosophyEthics or Moral Philosophy – Aesthetics (theory of beauty or art)Aesthetics (theory of beauty or art) – Logic (theory of correct inferences or correct thinking about truth orLogic (theory of correct inferences or correct thinking about truth or orderly thinking.)orderly thinking.)
Pre-Socratics – Sixth and FifthPre-Socratics – Sixth and Fifth Century B.C.E.Century B.C.E. • Cosmos - worldCosmos - world ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC
Pre-Socratics – Sixth and FifthPre-Socratics – Sixth and Fifth Century B.C.E.Century B.C.E. • ThalesThales • AnaximanderAnaximander • AnaximenesAnaximenes • PythagorasPythagoras Milesian Philosophers From island of Samos
ThalesThales Miletus, ca.624 BC–ca. 546 BCMiletus, ca.624 BC–ca. 546 BC • The First Principle and basic nature of allThe First Principle and basic nature of all things is waterthings is water • The earth floats on water the way a logThe earth floats on water the way a log floats on a pondfloats on a pond • All things are full of GodsAll things are full of Gods • A magnet (loadstone) must have a soulA magnet (loadstone) must have a soul because it is able to produce motionbecause it is able to produce motion
AnaximanderAnaximander Miletus,Miletus, 610-546 B.C.E.610-546 B.C.E. • Earth at center of cosmosEarth at center of cosmos • Opposites:Opposites: – dry and wet/cold and hotdry and wet/cold and hot • Four elementsFour elements – Earth, water, airEarth, water, air and fireand fire • Apeiron (unlimitedApeiron (unlimited – Everything comes from it andEverything comes from it and returns to it.returns to it.
Anaximenes,Anaximenes, (Miletus, d. 528)(Miletus, d. 528) Roman Mosaic From Trier 3rd century C.E. First Element = Air [Air] differs in essence in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, while when it is condensed it becomes wind, then cloud, when still more condensed it becomes water, then earth, then stones. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Naturalism – natural explanation (pg. 23) Monism – one substance (pg. 23)
Pythagoras,Pythagoras, Samos, ca. 572 – 500 B.C.E.Samos, ca. 572 – 500 B.C.E. • Discovered Pythagorean TheoremDiscovered Pythagorean Theorem • Numeralogist – believed in mysticalNumeralogist – believed in mystical property of numbersproperty of numbers • Musical studiesMusical studies • MetempsychosisMetempsychosis – (reincarnation)(reincarnation) • ““Don’t eat BeansDon’t eat Beans Various representations of Pythagoras throughout time.

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Philosophy powerpoint presentation 1 fall 2012(1)

  • 1. InstructorInstructor Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in Philosophy,Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in Philosophy, University of South Florida, 1997University of South Florida, 1997 Welcome to Philosophy 2010Welcome to Philosophy 2010 Lady Philosophy Offering Boethius Wings
  • 2. WEEK ONE AGENDAWEEK ONE AGENDA • What is PhilosophyWhat is Philosophy?? • SyllabusSyllabus • A little about meA little about me • A little about youA little about you • BreakBreak • Discussion: What MightDiscussion: What Might Philosophy Be?Philosophy Be? • Philosophy before PhilosophyPhilosophy before Philosophy • BreakBreak • Shamans and Ancient WisdomsShamans and Ancient Wisdoms • Early CivilizationsEarly Civilizations • Mythos Vs LogosMythos Vs Logos • Introducing the Greek Pre-Introducing the Greek Pre- SocraticsSocratics Philosophers Patricia and Paul Ch
  • 3. Philosophy In Films Which deals with Philosophical Questions? Which Questions? • Queen Christina (1933) • Agora (2009) • When Nietzsche Wept (2007)
  • 4. Philosophical Issues in Some Films • Flash Gordon (1936) – The Nature of the World – The Future – How unique is life on Earth – Science – Good and Evil • Swing Time (1936) – Our knowledge – How to learn – Aesthetics • Art – Good and Bad – Dance • When Nietzsche Wept (2007) – Value of living – Eternal Return/repetition – Our duties to our selves and others – Breuer/Lou Salome/Fredrick Nietzsche - Psychology/Human Relationships
  • 6. What is Philosophy? • Philosophy: Philosophy World
  • 7. Philosophy and SelfPhilosophy and Self You Me World Philosophy
  • 9. IntroductionsIntroductions • Me, Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in PhilosophyMe, Jay Raskin, Ph.D. in Philosophy – I was born blah, blah, blah, blah, blahI was born blah, blah, blah, blah, blah – And then I blah, blah, blah, blah, blahAnd then I blah, blah, blah, blah, blah – And I also, blah, blah, blah etc.And I also, blah, blah, blah etc. – Which reminds me,Which reminds me, I blah, blah, blah, blahI blah, blah, blah, blah
  • 10. Introduce YourselfIntroduce Yourself • Who are you?Who are you? – NameName – MajorMajor – Why are you taking this course?Why are you taking this course? – Something interesting about yourself.Something interesting about yourself. – What philosophy or what aboutWhat philosophy or what about philosophy would you like the course to cover.philosophy would you like the course to cover.
  • 11. BreakBreak See you in 10 minutesSee you in 10 minutes
  • 12. Philosophy • Something to do with arguments – Premises and conclusions • X+Y and therefore Z • Movies – Some Like it Hot (Wilder, 1959) • Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis give arguments on why their mates shouldn’t marry them. – Maltese Falcon (Huston, 1941) • Humphrey Bogart tells Mary Astor his reasons for turning her in. – Conversations with Other Women (Canosa, 2005) • Helena Bonham Carter and Aaron Eckhart make a possibly consequential decision without giving any arguments.
  • 13. Geology and EvolutionGeology and Evolution TimelinesTimelines • Evolutionary Species and Geological TimelineEvolutionary Species and Geological Timeline • Dating the Earth. Timeline of Timeline DevelopDating the Earth. Timeline of Timeline Develop
  • 14. Put In Chronological OrderPut In Chronological Order InventionInvention • Bow & arrowBow & arrow • Greek Philosophical WritingsGreek Philosophical Writings • Non-Greek Mythological WritingsNon-Greek Mythological Writings • Greek Mythological WritingsGreek Mythological Writings • Growing cornGrowing corn • DVDDVD • Human-made FireHuman-made Fire • GlassGlass • Human SpeechHuman Speech • PaintingPainting • PlowPlow • Stone toolsStone tools • WheelWheel • Wind Musical InstrumentsWind Musical Instruments • http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htmhttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htm • http://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htmhttp://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htm
  • 15. Chronological OrderChronological Order Invention – Years AgoInvention – Years Ago • Stone tools 2,600,000Stone tools 2,600,000 • Human-made Fire 500,000Human-made Fire 500,000 • Human Speech 100,000Human Speech 100,000 • Bow & arrow 50,000Bow & arrow 50,000 • Wind Musical Instruments 40,000Wind Musical Instruments 40,000 • Painting 30,000Painting 30,000 • Growing corn 7,000 (Farming – 10,000 years ago)Growing corn 7,000 (Farming – 10,000 years ago) • Plow 6,500Plow 6,500 • Wheel 5,500Wheel 5,500 • First Mythological Writings 4,200First Mythological Writings 4,200 • Glass 3,500Glass 3,500 • Greek Mythological Writings 2,700Greek Mythological Writings 2,700 • Greek Philosophy 2,600Greek Philosophy 2,600 • First DVD 25First DVD 25 • http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htmhttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worldciv/referenc/wrldtime.htm • http://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htmhttp://www.knowledgecontext.org/Activities/timeline.htm
  • 16. Cave PaintingsCave Paintings • Pech-Merle CavesPech-Merle Caves – Discovered 1922, 25,000-10,000 BCEDiscovered 1922, 25,000-10,000 BCE – http://www.quercy.net/pechmerle/http://www.quercy.net/pechmerle/
  • 17. Cave PaintingsCave Paintings • Lascaux:Lascaux: – Discovered 1940, 15,000 BCEDiscovered 1940, 15,000 BCE http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/ehttp://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/e
  • 18. Venus of WillendorfVenus of Willendorf • figurine 24,000-22,000 BCEfigurine 24,000-22,000 BCE • http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfdihttp://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfdis
  • 19. Earliest Musical Instrument - Flutes • 35,000-40,000 B.C.E. • Found May, 2009, in cave in Germany – One of the flutes is made of a vulture wing bone and is about a foot long. The other flutes were made out of mammoth tusks. Venus Figurine (Venus of S
  • 20. Rock PaintingRock Painting • India Rock Paintings circa 10,000 BCEIndia Rock Paintings circa 10,000 BCE – BHIMBETKABHIMBETKA
  • 21. Periods in Religious HistoryPeriods in Religious History • Hunting and GatheringHunting and Gathering – Pre-10,000 B.C.E.Pre-10,000 B.C.E. – Shamans – priest/witchdoctors with magicShamans – priest/witchdoctors with magic cures and correct rules for behaviorcures and correct rules for behavior – Association with animals and animal deities.Association with animals and animal deities.
  • 22. Saharan Rock PaintingSaharan Rock Painting • 4000 BCE4000 BCE Rock PaintingRock Painting
  • 23. ART HISTORY RESOURCEART HISTORY RESOURCE • http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHprehistoric.htmlhttp://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHprehistoric.html • Megalithic Structures:Megalithic Structures: – StonehengeStonehenge – Many other placesMany other places – Example: Dolmens in HollaExample: Dolmens in Hollan – Many othersMany others
  • 24. Mesopotamian MythosMesopotamian Mythos Earliest recorded talesEarliest recorded tales
  • 26. MusicMusic • The Golden Lyre of UrThe Golden Lyre of Ur
  • 27. GameGame • Play a game played 5000 years ago.Play a game played 5000 years ago.
  • 28. KingsKings • Images of Kings AkhadianImages of Kings Akhadian 2250 BCE, R.2250 BCE, R.
  • 29. Gates of Sargon IIGates of Sargon II • Now in British MuseumNow in British Museum
  • 30. Warriors and BattlesWarriors and Battles Victory Stele of Naram-Sin 2230Victory Stele of Naram-Sin 2230
  • 32. Law Code of HammurabiLaw Code of Hammurabi • Laws of Hammurabi, 1750 BCELaws of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE
  • 33. LiteratureLiterature • The First Epic 2700-2500 BCEThe First Epic 2700-2500 BCE GilgameshGilgamesh • Utnapishtim and NoahUtnapishtim and Noah • ComparisonsComparisons • Creation Story from 1900 BCECreation Story from 1900 BCE
  • 34. Mesopotamian MythologyMesopotamian Mythology The Goddesses Inanna and IshtarThe Goddesses Inanna and Ishtar • PriestessPriestess EnheduanaEnheduana • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inannahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna • http://inanna.virtualave.net/inanna.htmlhttp://inanna.virtualave.net/inanna.html • http://www.mindspring.com/~mysticgryphohttp://www.mindspring.com/~mysticgrypho n/descent.htmn/descent.htm
  • 35. Logos Vs MythosLogos Vs Mythos • Movies:Movies: – Clash of the Titans (Davis, 1981)Clash of the Titans (Davis, 1981) – Hercules Unchained (Francisci, 1960)Hercules Unchained (Francisci, 1960) – Electra (Irene Papas, Cacoyannis, 1962)Electra (Irene Papas, Cacoyannis, 1962)
  • 38. Greek Mythos: Gods of MountGreek Mythos: Gods of Mount Olympus from <700 B.C.E.Olympus from <700 B.C.E. Gods Mount Olympus: Tallest Mountain in Greece
  • 39. Presocratics:Presocratics: • Mythos – stories involving Gods andMythos – stories involving Gods and heroes.heroes. • Logos – discourse on a subject. Exam:Logos – discourse on a subject. Exam: – Biology (discouse on bios)Biology (discouse on bios) – Sociology (discourse on society)Sociology (discourse on society) – Psychology (discourse on psyche)Psychology (discourse on psyche)
  • 40. PhilosophyPhilosophy • Philos – Lover ofPhilos – Lover of • Sophia – WisdomSophia – Wisdom Philosophy – (Philos – lover of ) (Sophia –Philosophy – (Philos – lover of ) (Sophia – Wisdom)Wisdom)
  • 41. Most Knowledge of Presocratics comes from theMost Knowledge of Presocratics comes from the Post Socratic Philosopher Aristotle (384-322Post Socratic Philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)B.C.E.) Aristotle teaching Alexander, from movie Alexander (Stone, 2005) 19th Century? Drawing of Alexander teaching Aristotle
  • 42. Book wordsBook words • Atheism – not believing in Gods (pg. 7)Atheism – not believing in Gods (pg. 7) • Cosmology – theories on nature of the world (pg. 7)Cosmology – theories on nature of the world (pg. 7) • Cosmogony – theories on how world began (pg. 7)Cosmogony – theories on how world began (pg. 7) • Conceptual analysis (pg. 8) the main tool of philosophy does notConceptual analysis (pg. 8) the main tool of philosophy does not involve controlled experiments. It may involve data collection andinvolve controlled experiments. It may involve data collection and observation – Aristotle’s methodologyobservation – Aristotle’s methodology • Parts of Philosophy (pg. 8) [19Parts of Philosophy (pg. 8) [19thth century division]century division] – Ontology (theory of being)Ontology (theory of being) – Epistemology (theory of knowledge)Epistemology (theory of knowledge) – Axiology (theory of value)Axiology (theory of value) – Ethics or Moral PhilosophyEthics or Moral Philosophy – Aesthetics (theory of beauty or art)Aesthetics (theory of beauty or art) – Logic (theory of correct inferences or correct thinking about truth orLogic (theory of correct inferences or correct thinking about truth or orderly thinking.)orderly thinking.)
  • 43. Pre-Socratics – Sixth and FifthPre-Socratics – Sixth and Fifth Century B.C.E.Century B.C.E. • Cosmos - worldCosmos - world ca. 624 BC–ca. 546 BC
  • 44. Pre-Socratics – Sixth and FifthPre-Socratics – Sixth and Fifth Century B.C.E.Century B.C.E. • ThalesThales • AnaximanderAnaximander • AnaximenesAnaximenes • PythagorasPythagoras Milesian Philosophers From island of Samos
  • 45. ThalesThales Miletus, ca.624 BC–ca. 546 BCMiletus, ca.624 BC–ca. 546 BC • The First Principle and basic nature of allThe First Principle and basic nature of all things is waterthings is water • The earth floats on water the way a logThe earth floats on water the way a log floats on a pondfloats on a pond • All things are full of GodsAll things are full of Gods • A magnet (loadstone) must have a soulA magnet (loadstone) must have a soul because it is able to produce motionbecause it is able to produce motion
  • 46. AnaximanderAnaximander Miletus,Miletus, 610-546 B.C.E.610-546 B.C.E. • Earth at center of cosmosEarth at center of cosmos • Opposites:Opposites: – dry and wet/cold and hotdry and wet/cold and hot • Four elementsFour elements – Earth, water, airEarth, water, air and fireand fire • Apeiron (unlimitedApeiron (unlimited – Everything comes from it andEverything comes from it and returns to it.returns to it.
  • 47. Anaximenes,Anaximenes, (Miletus, d. 528)(Miletus, d. 528) Roman Mosaic From Trier 3rd century C.E. First Element = Air [Air] differs in essence in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, while when it is condensed it becomes wind, then cloud, when still more condensed it becomes water, then earth, then stones. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Naturalism – natural explanation (pg. 23) Monism – one substance (pg. 23)
  • 48. Pythagoras,Pythagoras, Samos, ca. 572 – 500 B.C.E.Samos, ca. 572 – 500 B.C.E. • Discovered Pythagorean TheoremDiscovered Pythagorean Theorem • Numeralogist – believed in mysticalNumeralogist – believed in mystical property of numbersproperty of numbers • Musical studiesMusical studies • MetempsychosisMetempsychosis – (reincarnation)(reincarnation) • ““Don’t eat BeansDon’t eat Beans Various representations of Pythagoras throughout time.

Editor's Notes

  1. In Greek mythology, Athena (Attic: Ἀθηνᾶ, Athēnâ, or Ἀθήνη, Athḗnē; Doric: Ἀσάνα, Asána; Latin: Minerva), the shrewd companion of Heroes and the Goddess of Heroic endeavour. She would also come to be known as the goddess of wisdom as philosophy became applied to cult in the later fifth century.[1] She remained the patroness of weaving especially and other crafts (Athena Ergane) and the more disciplined side of war, where she led the battle (Athena Promachos)[2]. Athena&amp;apos;s wisdom also includes the cunning intelligence (metis) of such figures as Odysseus.
  2. Pg. 12 So Aristotle appears to be our real source, and we have no clear idea of his accuracy because he paraphrases the various pre-Socratics. Therefore, the tradition that I report here is flawed and distorted in many ways. [honest evaluation]
  3. Book – quotes from pages 15 and 16.
  4. Pg. 18 And from what source things arise, to that they return of necessity when they are destroyed, for they suffer punishment and make reparation to one another for their injustice according to the order of time.
  5. Basic principle is rarification and condensation
  6. One of his major accomplishments was the discovery that music was based on proportional intervals of the numbers one through four. He believed that the number system, and therefore the universe system, was based on the sum of these numbers: ten. Pythagoreans swore by the Tetrachtys of the Decad, or ten, rather than by the gods. He assigned roles for the numbers as follows: one was reason, two was opinion, four was justice, five was marriage because it was the sum of the first odd and the first even numbers (one was disregarded), seven was virgin because it neither factors or produces among the numbers one through ten. Odd numbers were masculine and even were feminine. He discovered the theory of mathematical proportions, constructed from three to five geometrical solids. One of his order, Hippasos, also discovered irrational numbers, but the idea was unthinkable to Pythagoras, and according to one version this member was executed. Pythagoras (or the Pythagoreans) also discovered square numbers. wikipedia