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Physical sciences

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Msizi Sibisi
Msizi Sibisi

際際滷s that are based on physical science on the concept work, energy and power these are prescribed for grade 12 physical science

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Physical SciencePhysical Science Chapter 5Chapter 5 Energy & PowerEnergy & Power
5.1 The Nature of Energy5.1 The Nature of Energy EnergyEnergy the ability to do work or cause a change. the ability to do work or cause a change. work is the transfer of energywork is the transfer of energy SI unit for energy is the same as the SI unit for work JouleSI unit for energy is the same as the SI unit for work Joule Two main types of energy:Two main types of energy: Kinetic and PotentialKinetic and Potential Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy: the energy of motion: the energy of motion Potential Energy:Potential Energy: Energy stored for use at a later timeEnergy stored for use at a later time
Calculating Kinetic EnergyCalculating Kinetic Energy Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy: the energy of motion: the energy of motion The amount of kinetic energy depends on the objectsThe amount of kinetic energy depends on the objects mass and velocitymass and velocity Energy is transferred during workEnergy is transferred during work The more work one does on an objectThe more work one does on an object The more energy one imparts on the objectThe more energy one imparts on the object Kinetic energyKinetic energy == Mass x VelocityMass x Velocity22 22 When mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy is doubledWhen mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy is doubled When velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy is quadrupled!!When velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy is quadrupled!!
Whats the Kinetic Energy?Whats the Kinetic Energy? What is the Kinetic Energy (in Joules) of an object with a massWhat is the Kinetic Energy (in Joules) of an object with a mass of 10 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s?of 10 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s? When mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy isWhen mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy is doubleddoubled When velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy isWhen velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy is quadrupled!!quadrupled!!
Potential Energy:Potential Energy: Energy stored for use at a later timeEnergy stored for use at a later time 2 Types:2 Types: Elastic Potential EnergyElastic Potential Energy:: Energy stored in springs, bow and arrow, stretched elastic or rubber bands.Energy stored in springs, bow and arrow, stretched elastic or rubber bands. Associated w/ objects that can be stretched or compressed.Associated w/ objects that can be stretched or compressed. Gravitational Potential EnergyGravitational Potential Energy:: HeightHeight andand weightweight dependant (notice its weight, NOT mass!)dependant (notice its weight, NOT mass!) GPE = work done to lift and object to a heightGPE = work done to lift and object to a height GPE = Weight x HeightGPE = Weight x Height (remember that weight = mass x 9.8 m/s2)(remember that weight = mass x 9.8 m/s2) GPE = mass x 9.8 m/s2 x HeightGPE = mass x 9.8 m/s2 x Height GPE = 100 N x 300 m = 30,000 Nm = 30,000 Joules
Different Forms of EnergyDifferent Forms of Energy 6 different types6 different types:: MechanicalMechanical Thermal EnergyThermal Energy Chemical EnergyChemical Energy Electrical EnergyElectrical Energy Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic Energy Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy
Mechanical EnergyMechanical Energy associated w/ the motion (kinetic) or position of an object (potential)associated w/ the motion (kinetic) or position of an object (potential) Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy exists whenever an object which has mass is in motionexists whenever an object which has mass is in motion with some velocity. Everything you see moving about has kineticwith some velocity. Everything you see moving about has kinetic energy.energy. Potential EnergyPotential Energy exists whenever an object which has mass has aexists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field. The most everyday example of this is theposition within a force field. The most everyday example of this is the position of objects in the earth's gravitational field.position of objects in the earth's gravitational field. GPE = Weight x Height
Thermal EnergyThermal Energy associated w/ the total energy of the particles (atoms andassociated w/ the total energy of the particles (atoms and molecules) in an object. As thermal energy increases, themolecules) in an object. As thermal energy increases, the particles increase in speed and the thermal energyparticles increase in speed and the thermal energy (temperature) of the object increases.(temperature) of the object increases.
Chemical EnergyChemical Energy the energy stored in chemical bonds. Thethe energy stored in chemical bonds. The potential energy stored in compounds.potential energy stored in compounds.
Electrical EnergyElectrical Energy Moving electrical charges. Electricity!!Moving electrical charges. Electricity!!
Electromagnetic energyElectromagnetic energy Travels in waves, associated w/ light, infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves, x-Travels in waves, associated w/ light, infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves, x- rays, etcrays, etc Longer wavelength yields low frequency & low energyLonger wavelength yields low frequency & low energy Shorter wavelength yield high frequency & high energyShorter wavelength yield high frequency & high energy
Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy Associated w/ the fusion or fission of nuclear atoms.Associated w/ the fusion or fission of nuclear atoms. The fusion of hydrogen into helium fuels the power of the sun
5.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation5.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation Most forms ofMost forms of energy can be converted from one type to anotherenergy can be converted from one type to another.. Law of the Conservation of Energy -Law of the Conservation of Energy - states that energy cannot be createdstates that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It simply changes from one form into anotheror destroyed. It simply changes from one form into another Einsteins theory of Relativity -Einsteins theory of Relativity - E = mcE = mc22 a small amount of mass can be changed directly into a tremendousa small amount of mass can be changed directly into a tremendous amount of energyamount of energy E =E = the energy producedthe energy produced m =m = the mass being convertedthe mass being converted c =c = the speed of light (186,000 miles/second)the speed of light (186,000 miles/second)
EnergyEnergy ConversionConversion
Section 5.4 PowerSection 5.4 Power Power: the rate at which work is donePower: the rate at which work is done Power = work / time and since:Power = work / time and since: Work = force x distanceWork = force x distance.. Power =Power = Force x DistanceForce x Distance TimeTime SI Unit for Power is theSI Unit for Power is the WattWatt 11 Watt = 1Joule / 1 SecondWatt = 1Joule / 1 Second HHorsepowerorsepower : An American unit of power: An American unit of power The amount of work a horse does when it liftsThe amount of work a horse does when it lifts 33,000 pounds of coal to a height of 1 foot in 1 minute.33,000 pounds of coal to a height of 1 foot in 1 minute. 11 horsepower = 746 wattshorsepower = 746 watts James Watt Same amount of work was done; however there was more power in lifter B since his took less time A B
PowerPower ProblemsProblems W = F x D P = F x D / T P = 35 N x 10 m / 5 sec P = 350 J / 5 sec = 70 J/sec P = 70 Watts W = P x T convert 1 hour into seconds: 1 hour 60 min x 60 sec 1 hr 1 minWork = 60 watts x 3600 sec = 216,000 Joules = 216 Kilojoules

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Physical sciences

  • 1. Physical SciencePhysical Science Chapter 5Chapter 5 Energy & PowerEnergy & Power
  • 2. 5.1 The Nature of Energy5.1 The Nature of Energy EnergyEnergy the ability to do work or cause a change. the ability to do work or cause a change. work is the transfer of energywork is the transfer of energy SI unit for energy is the same as the SI unit for work JouleSI unit for energy is the same as the SI unit for work Joule Two main types of energy:Two main types of energy: Kinetic and PotentialKinetic and Potential Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy: the energy of motion: the energy of motion Potential Energy:Potential Energy: Energy stored for use at a later timeEnergy stored for use at a later time
  • 3. Calculating Kinetic EnergyCalculating Kinetic Energy Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy: the energy of motion: the energy of motion The amount of kinetic energy depends on the objectsThe amount of kinetic energy depends on the objects mass and velocitymass and velocity Energy is transferred during workEnergy is transferred during work The more work one does on an objectThe more work one does on an object The more energy one imparts on the objectThe more energy one imparts on the object Kinetic energyKinetic energy == Mass x VelocityMass x Velocity22 22 When mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy is doubledWhen mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy is doubled When velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy is quadrupled!!When velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy is quadrupled!!
  • 4. Whats the Kinetic Energy?Whats the Kinetic Energy? What is the Kinetic Energy (in Joules) of an object with a massWhat is the Kinetic Energy (in Joules) of an object with a mass of 10 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s?of 10 kg and a velocity of 10 m/s? When mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy isWhen mass is doubled; Kinetic Energy is doubleddoubled When velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy isWhen velocity is doubled; Kinetic Energy is quadrupled!!quadrupled!!
  • 5. Potential Energy:Potential Energy: Energy stored for use at a later timeEnergy stored for use at a later time 2 Types:2 Types: Elastic Potential EnergyElastic Potential Energy:: Energy stored in springs, bow and arrow, stretched elastic or rubber bands.Energy stored in springs, bow and arrow, stretched elastic or rubber bands. Associated w/ objects that can be stretched or compressed.Associated w/ objects that can be stretched or compressed. Gravitational Potential EnergyGravitational Potential Energy:: HeightHeight andand weightweight dependant (notice its weight, NOT mass!)dependant (notice its weight, NOT mass!) GPE = work done to lift and object to a heightGPE = work done to lift and object to a height GPE = Weight x HeightGPE = Weight x Height (remember that weight = mass x 9.8 m/s2)(remember that weight = mass x 9.8 m/s2) GPE = mass x 9.8 m/s2 x HeightGPE = mass x 9.8 m/s2 x Height GPE = 100 N x 300 m = 30,000 Nm = 30,000 Joules
  • 6. Different Forms of EnergyDifferent Forms of Energy 6 different types6 different types:: MechanicalMechanical Thermal EnergyThermal Energy Chemical EnergyChemical Energy Electrical EnergyElectrical Energy Electromagnetic EnergyElectromagnetic Energy Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy
  • 7. Mechanical EnergyMechanical Energy associated w/ the motion (kinetic) or position of an object (potential)associated w/ the motion (kinetic) or position of an object (potential) Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy exists whenever an object which has mass is in motionexists whenever an object which has mass is in motion with some velocity. Everything you see moving about has kineticwith some velocity. Everything you see moving about has kinetic energy.energy. Potential EnergyPotential Energy exists whenever an object which has mass has aexists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field. The most everyday example of this is theposition within a force field. The most everyday example of this is the position of objects in the earth's gravitational field.position of objects in the earth's gravitational field. GPE = Weight x Height
  • 8. Thermal EnergyThermal Energy associated w/ the total energy of the particles (atoms andassociated w/ the total energy of the particles (atoms and molecules) in an object. As thermal energy increases, themolecules) in an object. As thermal energy increases, the particles increase in speed and the thermal energyparticles increase in speed and the thermal energy (temperature) of the object increases.(temperature) of the object increases.
  • 9. Chemical EnergyChemical Energy the energy stored in chemical bonds. Thethe energy stored in chemical bonds. The potential energy stored in compounds.potential energy stored in compounds.
  • 10. Electrical EnergyElectrical Energy Moving electrical charges. Electricity!!Moving electrical charges. Electricity!!
  • 11. Electromagnetic energyElectromagnetic energy Travels in waves, associated w/ light, infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves, x-Travels in waves, associated w/ light, infrared, ultraviolet, microwaves, x- rays, etcrays, etc Longer wavelength yields low frequency & low energyLonger wavelength yields low frequency & low energy Shorter wavelength yield high frequency & high energyShorter wavelength yield high frequency & high energy
  • 12. Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy Associated w/ the fusion or fission of nuclear atoms.Associated w/ the fusion or fission of nuclear atoms. The fusion of hydrogen into helium fuels the power of the sun
  • 13. 5.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation5.2 Energy Conversion and Conservation Most forms ofMost forms of energy can be converted from one type to anotherenergy can be converted from one type to another.. Law of the Conservation of Energy -Law of the Conservation of Energy - states that energy cannot be createdstates that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It simply changes from one form into anotheror destroyed. It simply changes from one form into another Einsteins theory of Relativity -Einsteins theory of Relativity - E = mcE = mc22 a small amount of mass can be changed directly into a tremendousa small amount of mass can be changed directly into a tremendous amount of energyamount of energy E =E = the energy producedthe energy produced m =m = the mass being convertedthe mass being converted c =c = the speed of light (186,000 miles/second)the speed of light (186,000 miles/second)
  • 15. Section 5.4 PowerSection 5.4 Power Power: the rate at which work is donePower: the rate at which work is done Power = work / time and since:Power = work / time and since: Work = force x distanceWork = force x distance.. Power =Power = Force x DistanceForce x Distance TimeTime SI Unit for Power is theSI Unit for Power is the WattWatt 11 Watt = 1Joule / 1 SecondWatt = 1Joule / 1 Second HHorsepowerorsepower : An American unit of power: An American unit of power The amount of work a horse does when it liftsThe amount of work a horse does when it lifts 33,000 pounds of coal to a height of 1 foot in 1 minute.33,000 pounds of coal to a height of 1 foot in 1 minute. 11 horsepower = 746 wattshorsepower = 746 watts James Watt Same amount of work was done; however there was more power in lifter B since his took less time A B
  • 16. PowerPower ProblemsProblems W = F x D P = F x D / T P = 35 N x 10 m / 5 sec P = 350 J / 5 sec = 70 J/sec P = 70 Watts W = P x T convert 1 hour into seconds: 1 hour 60 min x 60 sec 1 hr 1 minWork = 60 watts x 3600 sec = 216,000 Joules = 216 Kilojoules