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Physical-Science-6-Biomolecules.pptx
- 3. BIOMOLECULES BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES The term molecule refers to very large molecules and something that consists of more than one atom. Herman Staudinger coined it in 1920. Macromolecules are so huge that these are made up of more than 10,000 atoms. Macromolecules are also termed as polymers. They are formed by the polymerization of molecules such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The monomer units of macromolecules are polar in nature, with their heads and tails with different physical and chemical properties.
- 4. MONOMERS POLYMERS A monomer is a small molecule A polymer is a long-chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
- 5. ESSENTIAL SOURCES OF ENERGY ENERGY STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS
- 6. PROPERTIES OF BIOMOLECULES Organic Molecules (Carbon, Hydrogen and other elements) Contain mainly carbon forming 4 bonds, usually with a tetrahedral arrangement. The carbon skeleton can be linear, branched, cyclic. chemistry in three dimensions GENERAL PROPERTIES COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE STEREOCHEMISTRY BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
- 13. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are major sources of energy for the body. These includes sugar, starch, and cellulose. All carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES
- 15. CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES Monosaccharide carbohydrates are those carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further to give simpler units. GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES
- 16. MONOSACCHARIDES Used in dextrose, blood sugar, the form utilized by the human body Found in milk and milk products Found in fruits and honey GLUCOSE GALACTOSE FRUCTOSE CARBOHYDRATES
- 18. CARBOHYDRATES DISACCHARIDES Two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates having two monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc. GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES
- 19. Glucose + Galactose Found in milk and milk products DISACCHARIDES Glucose + glucose Found in malt Glucose + Fructose Found in regular table sugar, sugarcane and sugar beet MALTOSE SUCROSE LACTOSE CARBOHYDRATES
- 21. CARBOHYDRATES POLYSACCHARIDES Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together. GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES
- 22. Storage form of glucose animal; stored in the liver and muscles POLYSACCHARIDES Storage form of glucose in plants Storage form of glucose in plants STARCH AMYLOPECTIN CELLULOSE CARBOHYDRATES GLYCOGEN Structural material in plants-cell wall in wood, wood fiber cannot be digested by humans
- 24. Starch is a carbohydrate commonly found in nature and one of the primary sources of food energy for human beings. It is regularly eaten in the form of wheat, rice, potatoes, and other foods cultivated throughout the world.
- 25. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES LIPIDS Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat. Lipids are family of biomolecules group together because of its property of being hydrophobic (water- fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules mak?ing it soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and benzene. LIPIDS
- 27. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES LIPIDS They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for preotection. They produce hormones for the body called STEROIDS. They WATERPROOF surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes. GRAPHIC DESIGNER
- 28. FATTY ACID Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat. Lipids are family of biomolecules group together because of its property of being hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules mak?ing it soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and benzene. LIPIDS LIPIDS
- 29. SATURATED UNSATURATED Saturated fatty acid is a straight chain where all the carbon atoms in the chain have two hydrogen singly bonded to making the molecules to form a strong attraction. Unsaturated fatty acid on the other hand, tends to bend due to the presence of a double bond in one of the carbon in the chain. The molecule will not be as close as that of the saturated fatty acid. LIPIDS
- 32. THREE TYPES OF LIPIDS It make up more than 95 percent of lipids in the diet and are commonly found in fried foods, butter, milk, cheese, and some meats They are water-soluble and are found in both plants and animals. Phospholipids are crucial for building the protective barrier, or membrane, around your bodys cells. Though cholesterol has a notorious reputation, the body gets only a small amount of its cholesterol through foodthe body produces most of it. TRIGLYCERIDES Phospholipids Sterols LIPIDS (COMPLEX LIPIDS)
- 33. LIPIDS TRIGLYCERIDES Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids. The 3 fatty acids connected to the glycerol backbone are not necessarily of the same kind. Fat and oils are example of triglycerides. Fats are usually from animal sources contain mostly saturated fatty acid making it solid at room temperature. Oil refers to a triglyceride from plant sources. It contains unsaturated fatty acid and is liquid at room temperature. LIPIDS
- 35. LIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS Is another type of lipids that contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Phospholipids , unlike other kind of lipids, it has a polar end (hydrophilic end) which is the phosphate group and non-polar end (hydrophobic end), the fatty acid group. The dual prop?erty of liquid allows the phospholipid to form a bilayer. GRAPHIC DESIGNER LIPIDS
- 37. LIPIDS STEROLS Sterols are the least common type of lipid. Cholesterol is perhaps the best well-known sterol. Though cholesterol has a notorious reputation, the body gets only a small amount of its cholesterol through foodthe body produces most of it. Cholesterol is an important component of the cell membrane and is required to synthesize sex hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts. GRAPHIC DESIGNER LIPIDS
- 38. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES NUCLEIC ACID Nucleic acid is important macromolecules that serve as storage of genetic information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acid with specific functions. GRAPHIC DESIGNER NUCLEIC ACID
- 39. BASED ON THE PICTURE, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEENDNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) AND RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)?
- 40. DNA RNA It is the blueprint of life carries the genetic material and provides in?formation for its own replication. It is a double helix structure composed of a sugar and phosphate backbone and complementary bases Adenine- Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine pair. It carries the information from DNA for protein synthesis. There are three types of RNA namely: 1.Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3.Transfer RNA (tRNA) LIPIDS
- 42. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES PROTEINS Protein was believed to be the beginning of life. It comes from the Greek word proteios which means first. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the elements that make up a protein. Proteins as one of the macromolecules that are made from multiple units of simple molecules called amino acids. Thus, proteins are called polypeptides. thus, proteins are called polypeptides. GRAPHIC DESIGNER PROTEIN
- 43. PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS Amino acids are the basic structural building units of proteins; they are also utilized as an energy source. The key elements of amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. All organisms need some proteins, whether they are used in muscles or as simple structures in the cell membrane. Even though all organisms have differences, they still have one thing in common: the need for basic chemical building blocks. GRAPHIC DESIGNER PROTEIN
- 45. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES PROTEINS They are major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails... In fact, ALL CELL MEMBRANES. They make up antibodies in the immune system Thay make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions. GRAPHIC DESIGNER PROTEIN
- 46. PROTEINS ENZYMES Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances and break others down. All living things have enzymes. Our bodies naturally produce enzymes.
- 47. PROTEINS COLLAGEN Collagen accounts for 30% of your body's protein. It provides structure, support or strength to your skin, muscles, bones and connective tissues.
- 48. BIOMOLECULES MONOMERS POLYMERS STRUCTURES CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen LIPIDS GLYCEROLS AND FATTY ACIDS TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPOLIPIDS Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDES DNA RNA Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS COLLAGEN ENZYMES Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
Editor's Notes
- #2: We are now heading to biochemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of cells and organisms. Thus, it is concerned with the types of molecules found in biological systems, their structure, and their chemical properties. Biochemistry also deals with the function of these molecules, how they interact, and what reactions they undergo.
- #3: We are now heading to biochemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of cells and organisms. Thus, it is concerned with the types of molecules found in biological systems, their structure, and their chemical properties. Biochemistry also deals with the function of these molecules, how they interact, and what reactions they undergo.
- #4: A biomolecule is油a chemical compound found in living organisms. These include chemicals that are composed of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Biomolecules are the building blocks of life and perform important functions in living organisms.
- #5: Mono: one Poly: many Mers: parts
- #6: These are not just building blocks, These are the molecules necessary for every living thing on Earth to survive. They are essential sources of energy. They are means of storing that energy. They are also instructions that all organisms use to be born and grow and to ultimately pass those same instructions onto the future generations. They are the ingredients of life.
- #7: Many molecules contain carbon atoms bonded to each other or to atoms of other elements. These carbon-containing molecules are generally called organic compounds. Hydrocarbons: organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydroxyl group: hydrogen to oxygen (-OH)
- #8: Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms within an organic molecule. Hydrocarbons: hydrogen and carbon Alkanes have only single bonds Alkenes carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes triple bonds. Simple heteroatomic: atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. By far, the most common examples are alcohols, amines and ethers. Halogen heteroatomics: group 7 Carbonyl: carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom
- #14: Grains, such as bread, noodles, pasta, crackers, cereals, and rice. Fruits, such as apples, bananas, berries, mangoes, melons, and oranges. Dairy products, such as milk and yogurt. Legumes, including dried beans, lentils, and peas.
- #16: Monomer of carbs
- #39: meat, fish, seafood, legumes, and mushrooms
- #42: Uracil vs thymine: methyl group
- #43: Meat, beef, pork Poultry chicken, turkey, duck fish and seafood fish, prawns, crab, lobster, mussels, oysters, scallops, clams. eggs. dairy products milk, yoghurt (especially Greek yoghurt), cheese (especially cottage cheese)