際際滷

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PILEFOUNDATION
PILECAP
FUNCTIONOF
PILECAPS
FUNCTIONS
TO DISTRIBUTE A SINGLE LOAD EQUALLY
OVERTHEPILEGROUP
-Loadisdistributeevenlythroughthe
pilecaptothepile=agreaterareaof
bearingpotentialisprovided..
TOLATERALLYSTABLISEINDIVIDUALPILES
-Helpstoincreaseoverallstabilityofthe
group.
TOPROVIDENECESSARYCOMBINEDRESISTANCE
TO STRESSES SET-UP BY SUPERSTRUCTURE OR
GROUNDMOVEMENTS.
TOTRANSMITTHEBUILDINGLOADSTOTHEPILESANDTHEGROUND
SOILLAYERS.
- Greater area of bearing potential provided, support larger
load
TOALLOWCOLUMNORSUPERSTRUCTURETORESIDEONASTABLEAND
SOLIDCOREFOUNDATIONINSTEADOFRESIDINGDIRECTLYONGROUND.
-Ifloadisresidingontheground,itmaycausethecolumnto
penetrateinthesoilandthehousewillcollapse
PROBLEMSENCOUNTERED
DURINGPILECAPCONSTRUCTION
-WEATHERCONDITION-
1. Delaytheconstructionworkespeciallyduringconcretingasittakestimefor
curingprocess.
2. Affectsthequalityofpilecap,asrainmaywashedsomeofthecementout
oftheconcrete
3. Raincausesthesoiltobecomesofterwhichaffecttheinstallationofpile
cap
-MALFORMATION-
1. Weakmaterialofformworkused.
2. Formworkisremovedbeforetheconcretestrengthen-concreteneedstimetosolidify
and strengthen. Removing the formwork too soon is akin to removing a half-cooked
pancakefromapantooearly.
3. Installationofformworkdoesnotmeetthedesignandspecifications.
-INJURIES-
1. Sitemaybeslippery.
2. Heavyequipmentorfallingobjectsissuesmightoccur.
3. Seriousheadinjuriescanresultfromblowstothehead
-FAILURE-
1. Pileneartotheslopemayfaceslopefailure
2. Possible failure of improperly installed ( where the pile cap is not
installedinaproperwaycausesfailure)
3. Unsupportedsidesduringpilecapconstruction
CONSTRUCTIONMETHOD
OFPILECAP
1. Mobilizetheplantintotheexcavationarea
2. BeginExcavationoftheareawithahydraulicexcavatoraroundthepiles.
3. ExcavateuntilthedesiredPileCapdepth.
-EXCAVATION-
4. With an oxy-hammer the concrete with the
reinforcementiscut-off
5. Remove Excess Concrete by Hacking it away with
HydraulicBreaker
-CUTTINGOFPILES-
THEREAREDIFFERENTSHAPESOFPILECAPS
Factorsconsidered:
TotalLoadofSuperstructure
LoadDistribution
SoilConditions
6. Erectionofformworktomoldthepilecapsspecified
shape.
7. Additionalsupportmaybeinstalledsuchasrakers.
-CONCRETEWORKS-
8. BendingandTyingofReinforcementbarsintotheformwork
withconcreteblockspacers.
9. Connectingofstarterbarsbybendingandtyingthemintothe
pilecapsmainbars.
-CONCRETEWORKS-
6. Pouringofready-mixedconcreteinto theformwork
withreinforcementbars.
10. Compactionofconcretebyusingconcretevibrator.
-CONCRETEWORKS-
11. CuringandSettingPeriodofconcrete
12. After the concrete sets, the formwork is then
dismantled.
-CONCRETEWORKS-
MINIMUMSPACINGFOR
FRICTIONPILESANDEND-BEARINGPILES
 Frictionpile = 3.5d
 Endbearingpile = 2.5d.
MINIMUMSPACINGOFPILES
Lessthan10mdepthspacingshouldbe3xdiameter.
10-25mdepthspacingshouldbe4xdiameter.
Morethan25mdepthspacingshouldbe5xdiameter.
PILESPACINGFORMULA:
 End-bearingandfrictionpiles:S=2.5(d)+0.02.L
 Frictionpiles:S=3.5(d)+0.02L
Where:d=pilediameter
L=pilelength
S=pilecentertocenterdistance(spacing).
MINIMUMSPACINGOFPILES
EXAMPLE1
Spunpiles(endbearingpile)of250mmindiameter
andeach12mlonghasbeenproposed.Assessthe
suitable pile spacing and pile arrangement.
SOLUTION
Recommendedminimumpilespacing:
S=2.5(0.250)m+0.0212m=0.865m
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Pile foundation-ct