Pj; zaman purba
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Dokumen ini membincangkan sejarah ringkas pendidikan jasmani dalam masyarakat purba seperti Mesir, Yunani, Sparta, Athens dan Rom purba. Pendidikan jasmani pada masa itu bertujuan untuk melatih tentera yang kuat dan sihat bagi tujuan peperangan. Aktiviti fizikal seperti senaman, larian dan permainan sukan dipraktikkan untuk membentuk tubuh badan yang mantap dan daya tahan yang tinggi.
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Pj; zaman purba
- 1. 1. PJM 3110 Kurikulum & Pedagogi Pendidikan Jasmani Minggu 1 : Pendidikan Jasmani Zaman Purba Ahli: Angela David Angelina Simai Affidatulakmar Mohmud Priscilla Shanty 2. Pengenalan PJ merupakan aspek mustahak dalam kehidupan seharian. Kanak-kanak belajar melalui peniruan spt: Para ibu mengajar anak-anak perempuan dalam aktiviti keibuan dan rumahtangga. Para bapa mengajar anak lelaki mengenai segala kemahiran diperlukan oleh seorang pemburu dan pelayar. Masyarakat purba di China, Mesir, Greece dan Rom mengambil PJ sebagai sebahagian daripada latihan ketenteraan. 3. Masyarakat Awal Mesir Pendidikan jasmani yang bercorak ketenteraan tidak diperlukan. Objektif rekreasi dan keagamaan lebih dipentingkan daripada objektif ketenteraan dan kesihatan. Berminat menyaksikan permainan dan pertunjukan orang lain dan mengekalkan permainan ritual dan sesetengah tarian untuk objektif keagamaan. 4. Masyarakat Yunani Purba Yunani Homer Tujuan- membentuk manusia petindak. Peperangan sering berlaku. Maka setiap warganegara merupakan perajurit dan keadaan fizikal yang sihat dan kuat adalah penting. 5. Senaman bertujuan untuk menghasilkan kualiti-kualiti seperti kekuatan, daya ketahanan, kepantasan dan keberanian yang sangat diperlukan dalam kegiatan peperangan. Cth: perlumbaan jalan kaki, perlumbaan kereta kuda, bertinju dan merejam lembing. Dibahagi kpd dua kategori iaitu permainan aristokrat dan golongan askar. 6. Yunani Sparta Pendidikan jasmani dan sukan serta semua pendidikan di Sparta merupakan latihan untuk peperangan. Bertujuan untuk membentuk rakyat sebagai manusia petindak yang mempunyai kekuatan yang ganas, daya ketahanan yang tinggi, semangat keteguhan dan kegagahan serta kemahiran yang diperlukan. 7. Contoh aktiviti: Gimnastik, lari dan lompatan Lawan pedang, acara lompat, renang, memburu, gusti, tinju, berjalan kaki serta permainan bola untuk kekuatan lengan. Perempuan Sparta juga mesti melengkapkan diri untuk peperangan dan tidak dikecualikan dalam aktiviti kasar. 8. Yunani Athens Awal Kepentingan latihan tentera kepada mereka: Menyediakan warganegara di medan perang. Nilai estetika dan harmoni. Bagi mereka, tubuh badan sama penting dengan otak. Kepentingan ditekankan kepada pertunjukan kemahiran serta gerak-geri yang lemah gemalai daripada kepantasan dan daya ketahanan. 9. Di antara pendidikan jasmani bagi kanak2 dalam lingkungan umur 7-12 tahun: Berlari, lompatan, memanjat tali, permainan bola, rejam lembing dan lempar cakera. PELAJAR YANG LEBIH DEWASA Aktiviti lebih tenaga seperti perlumbaan, rejam lembing, lempar cakera bersaiz besar, tinju, penkratium dan perlumbaan kereta kuda. Tarian untuk keagamaan. 10. Yunani Athens Lewat Membentuk manusia bijak. Antara aktiviti: gimnastik, olahraga, lumba berperisai, rejam lembing, memanah, equestrian, tinju dan bergomol. Walaubagaimanapun, mereka lebih berminat menjadi penonton drpd peserta.
- 2. 11. Sukan Olimpik Diadakan setiap 4 tahun mulai tahun 776 S.M. selama 5 hari pada bulan Ogos tahun itu bersama-sama upacara mghormati Zeus (Tuhan orang Greek). Hanya ada satu acara iaitu lumba lari kemudiannya ditambah dengan acara lain. Dalam Tahun 393 (Masihi), Maharaja Theodosius telah menamatkan sukan olimpik. 12. Masyarakat Rom Awal Objektif utama aktiviti sukan dan pendidikan jasmani - melatih para pemuda untuk tujuan peperangan. Kurikulum dibentuk untuk mengembangkan kekuatan, keberanian dan kegagahan dalam peperangan, kepantasan dan mematuhi perintah. 13. Permainan dan senaman bertujuan; Membentuk manusia sbg tentera yang kuat, mahir, gagah supaya dihormati oleh rakyat . Contoh permainan: permainan bola, perlumbaan kuda dan kereta kuda. 14. Rom Lewat Aktiviti pendidikan jasmani hanya dihargai oleh golongan tentera dan olahragawan yang profesional. Rakyat biasa kurang berminat. Mereka bersenam untuk mengelakkan keletihan dan serangan penyakit. Timbul kepentingan aktiviti fizikal dari segi sains. 15. Gales (doktor & ahli falsafah): - PJ dan sukan membolehkan manusia menikmati kehidupan yang sihat dan menjalankan tugas-tugas mereka dgn cergas, segar dan harmoni. 16. SEKIAN.... 17. BIBLIOGRAFI Vasudevan T. Arasoo.(1991). Sosiologi Sukan. Petaling Jaya : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.